HISTORY & TIMELINE
22 September

A journey through
22 September in history

From the coronation of George III in 1761 to the premiere of Friends in 1994, 22 September has marked declarations of freedom, wars, new nations and new ways of travelling and watching. This timeline follows the date across more than two centuries.

JUMP THROUGH TIME
III
A CHANGING WORLD

Early Modern Era

Exploration, political change, scientific development and expanding global connections.

1761
George III in his coronation robes, painted by Allan Ramsay.George III in his coronation robes, painted by Allan Ramsay.Image: Allan Ramsay · Public domain
politics · Europe

George III and Charlotte are crowned

George III, who had succeeded his grandfather George II in October 1760, was crowned with his new queen, Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, in Westminster Abbey on 22 September 1761. They had married only two weeks earlier. The long ceremony meant they were not crowned until about half past three, and during the sermon many guests ate the food they had brought with them. A banquet in Westminster Hall followed.

Source: Westminster Abbey: George III ↗
1776
Frederick MacMonnies's 1893 statue of Nathan Hale in City Hall Park, New York.Frederick MacMonnies’s 1893 statue of Nathan Hale in City Hall Park, New York.Image: Sculpture by Frederick MacMonnies (1863-1937); photo by poster (User:Americasroof). · Public domain
world · Americas

Nathan Hale is hanged as a spy

Nathan Hale, a 21-year-old captain in the Continental Army, was hanged by the British in New York on the morning of 22 September 1776, a day after being captured returning from a mission behind their lines on Long Island. He is remembered for the words ‘I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country’, though no official record of his last speech survives.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: Nathan Hale ↗
IV
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

The 1800s

Industry, empire, invention, reform and a century of enormous transformation.

1862
Emancipation, an illustration by Thomas Nast.Emancipation, an illustration by Thomas Nast.Image: Thomas Nast · Public domain
politics · Americas

Lincoln issues the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation

On 22 September 1862, five days after the Union victory at Antietam, President Abraham Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. It declared that enslaved people in states still in rebellion on 1 January 1863 would be free. Lincoln had made a solemn vow to ‘crown the result by the declaration of freedom to the slaves’ if Lee’s army was stopped. The final proclamation followed on 1 January 1863 and covered virtually the whole Confederacy, apart from areas held by the Union army.

Source: US National Archives: Emancipation Proclamation ↗
V
THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

The 1900s

War and peace, technological leaps, social change, politics, sport and popular culture.

1908
Prince Ferdinand, the prime minister Aleksandar Malinov, ministers and generals at Tarnovo on the day independence was proclaimed.Prince Ferdinand, the prime minister Aleksandar Malinov, ministers and generals at Tarnovo on the day independence was proclaimed.Image: Unknown authorUnknown author · Public domain
politics · Europe

Bulgaria declares its independence

On 22 September 1908, by the Julian calendar then in use in Bulgaria (5 October in the Western calendar), Prince Ferdinand read a manifesto in the old capital of Tarnovo, after a service in the Church of the Forty Holy Martyrs, proclaiming Bulgaria a kingdom fully independent of the Ottoman Empire. He took the title of tsar. Since the Treaty of Berlin of 1878 Bulgaria had been an autonomous principality still formally subject to the sultan. Ferdinand had secretly coordinated the move with Austria-Hungary, which was preparing to annex Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bulgaria’s independence was recognised internationally in 1909, and 22 September has been a Bulgarian public holiday since 1998.

Source: Bulgarian News Agency (BTA): September 22, 1908, Bulgaria declares its independence ↗
1914
HMS Aboukir passing Fort St Angelo, Malta.HMS Aboukir passing Fort St Angelo, Malta.Image: UK Government · Public domain
world · Europe

A U-boat sinks three British cruisers in an hour

On 22 September 1914 the German submarine U-9, commanded by Otto Weddigen, torpedoed three elderly Royal Navy cruisers, Aboukir, Hogue and Cressy, patrolling the Broad Fourteens off the Dutch coast. All three sank within about an hour; 1,459 men were lost and 837 rescued. The disaster showed how dangerous the submarine had become.

Source: Royal Museums Greenwich: Loss of HMS Aboukir, Hogue and Cressy in the Broad Fourteens, 22 September 1914 ↗
1955
Scenes from Double Your Money, one of the programmes ITV launched in its first week in 1955.Scenes from Double Your Money, one of the programmes ITV launched in its first week in 1955.Image: Associated-Rediffusion · Public domain
culture · Europe

ITV goes on air and the first TV advert is shown

On the evening of 22 September 1955 ITV began broadcasting in the London area, bringing commercial television to Britain and ending the BBC’s monopoly. The weekday service was run by Associated-Rediffusion. At 8.12 pm viewers saw the first television advertisement shown in Britain, a one-minute film for Gibbs SR toothpaste promising that it was ‘tingling fresh’. Only about 100,000 homes had sets that could receive it, but within a few years ITV covered the whole country.

Source: BFI: 70 years of ITV, the early days of the UK’s first commercial channel ↗
1960
Djenné, Mali, in a photograph by Edmond Fortier.Djenné, Mali, in a photograph by Edmond Fortier.Image: Edmond Fortier (1862-1928) · Public domain
politics · Africa

The Republic of Mali is proclaimed

On 22 September 1960 a congress of the US-RDA party proclaimed the independent Republic of Mali. The former French Sudan had become independent that June as part of the Mali Federation with Senegal, but Senegal withdrew on 20 August and the federation broke up over policy differences. Modibo Keita became the new republic’s first president. He replaced French civil servants with Africans, distanced the country from France and built close ties with the communist bloc and a state-run economy.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: Mali Federation ↗
1979
An artist's impression of a Vela satellite, built to detect nuclear explosions from space.An artist’s impression of a Vela satellite, built to detect nuclear explosions from space.Image: Unknown · Public domain
science · Africa

A mystery flash over the South Atlantic

On the night of 22 September 1979 an American Vela satellite, designed to watch for nuclear tests, recorded the distinctive double flash of light of a nuclear explosion over the far South Atlantic, near South Africa’s Prince Edward Islands. What it saw has never been settled. A CIA-sponsored panel judged it very probably a nuclear test, while a White House scientific panel thought that unlikely. Documents released since have strengthened the case that it was a secret low-yield test, possibly by Israel with South African help, but no government has ever confirmed it.

Source: National Security Archive (George Washington University): The Vela incident, South Atlantic mystery flash in September 1979 ↗
1980
Saddam Hussein, president of Iraq, who ordered the invasion.Saddam Hussein, president of Iraq, who ordered the invasion.Image: INA (Iraqi News Agency) · Public domain
world · Asia

Iraq invades Iran

On 22 September 1980 Iraq invaded western Iran, taking advantage of the turmoil of Iran’s new Islamic revolutionary government. Saddam Hussein wanted to reassert territorial claims over the Shatt al-Arab waterway and made further demands over the oil-rich province of Khuzestan. The war lasted eight years. Iran pushed the Iraqi army back and recaptured Khorramshahr in 1982, and in August 1988 it accepted a UN-mediated cease-fire it had previously resisted.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: Iran-Iraq War ↗
1981
Two of the original orange Paris Sud-Est TGV trains, photographed in 1987.Two of the original orange Paris Sud-Est TGV trains, photographed in 1987.Image: Phillip Capper · CC BY 2.0
science · Europe

France’s first high-speed train line opens

On 22 September 1981 President François Mitterrand inaugurated the TGV Sud-Est, France’s first high-speed railway between Paris and Lyon, travelling on the new line and giving a speech at Montchanin. The inaugural run from Lyon to Paris took 2 hours 40 minutes, an hour less than before, at an average speed of about 260 km/h. Paying passengers boarded from 27 September. When the whole line was finished in 1983 the two cities were just two hours apart, and the TGV went on to become the backbone of French rail travel.

Source: Élysée: Speech by François Mitterrand at the inauguration of the TGV, Montchanin, 22 September 1981 ↗
1994
A replica of the Central Perk sofa from Friends, at a coffee shop in New York.A replica of the Central Perk sofa from Friends, at a coffee shop in New York.Image: Nielsoncaetanosalmeron · CC BY 4.0
culture · Americas

Friends premieres on NBC

Friends premiered on NBC on 22 September 1994, on Thursday night between Mad About You and Seinfeld. The sitcom ran for ten seasons, to 6 May 2004. The pilot, directed by James Burrows, followed Monica’s date with ‘Paul, the wine guy’, Ross’s move into a new apartment after his divorce and Rachel’s arrival after leaving her groom at the altar.

Source: Television Academy: Friends at 30, the oral history ↗
RESEARCH

Sources & Further Reading

Selected authoritative references supporting the events on this page.

WHY THESE MOMENTS?

Significance before volume

This page is not the longest possible list of events. It is a chronological journey through 22 September, where each entry is chosen for historical significance, human interest and reliability.

Facts are checked against authoritative museums, archives, universities and reference works. Where sources disagree, the page says so.

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