HISTORY & TIMELINE
4 May

A journey through
4 May in history

From the Battle of Tewkesbury in 1471 to the ILOVEYOU computer worm in 2000, 4 May has seen Peter Minuit arrive in New Netherland, the fall of Seringapatam, the first Daily Mail, the loss of the Grande Torino at Superga, Latvia’s vote to restore its independence and Andorra’s first written constitution. This timeline follows the date across six centuries.

II
THE MIDDLE AGES

Medieval History

Kingdoms, conflict, faith, power and the changing medieval world.

1471
The Battle of Tewkesbury as illustrated in a 15th-century manuscript now in Ghent.The Battle of Tewkesbury as illustrated in a 15th-century manuscript now in Ghent.Image: Unknown 15th-century illuminator (Ghent University Library) · Public domain
world · Europe

Edward IV wins at Tewkesbury

On 4 May 1471 the Yorkist king Edward IV caught the Lancastrian army just south of Tewkesbury in Gloucestershire and destroyed it. Edward of Westminster, the 17-year-old Lancastrian Prince of Wales and only son of Henry VI, died in or just after the battle, and several Lancastrian leaders were executed two days later. The victory secured the Yorkist crown until 1485.

Source: Britannica: Battle of Tewkesbury ↗
1493
Pope Alexander VI, in a portrait attributed to Pedro Berruguete in the Vatican Museums.Pope Alexander VI, in a portrait attributed to Pedro Berruguete in the Vatican Museums.Image: Attributed to Pedro Berruguete · Public domain
culture · Global

A pope divides the Atlantic world

Pope Alexander VI issued the bull Inter caetera, dated 4 May 1493, a few weeks after news of Columbus’s first voyage reached Europe. It granted the Catholic Monarchs of Castile and Aragon all lands not already held by a Christian ruler lying west and south of a line drawn from pole to pole, 100 leagues beyond the Azores and Cape Verde islands. The document gave papal backing to Spanish claims in the Americas and was soon renegotiated by Spain and Portugal in the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494. Centuries later it is remembered as a founding text of the so-called doctrine of discovery, used to justify taking land from Indigenous peoples.

Source: Encyclopedia Virginia: Inter caetera by Pope Alexander VI (May 4, 1493) ↗
III
A CHANGING WORLD

Early Modern Era

Exploration, political change, scientific development and expanding global connections.

1626
An early engraved view of New Amsterdam, the Dutch settlement at the tip of Manhattan.An early engraved view of New Amsterdam, the Dutch settlement at the tip of Manhattan.Image: Jacob van Meurs · Public domain
world · Americas

Peter Minuit arrives in New Netherland

On 4 May 1626 Peter Minuit arrived at the Dutch colony of New Netherland aboard the ship Sea Gull, soon to take charge as its director. He is remembered for the purchase of Manhattan from the local Lenape people later that month, for goods valued at 60 guilders. The settlement at the island’s southern tip grew into New Amsterdam and later New York.

Source: Museum of the City of New York: Peter Minuit ↗
1799
Tipu Sultan, painted by an unknown Mysore artist in about 1790-1800.Tipu Sultan, painted by an unknown Mysore artist in about 1790-1800.Image: Anonymous artist from Mysore, India. · Public domain
world · Asia

British forces storm Seringapatam

On 4 May 1799, after a month’s siege, British and Hyderabad troops led by Major-General David Baird stormed Seringapatam, the island capital of the kingdom of Mysore in southern India. Tipu Sultan, the ruler known as the Tiger of Mysore, was killed defending the city. His death ended the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and left the East India Company the leading power in southern India.

Source: National Army Museum: Storming of Seringapatam, 4 May 1799 ↗
IV
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

The 1800s

Industry, empire, invention, reform and a century of enormous transformation.

1896
Alfred Harmsworth, who founded the Daily Mail with his brother Harold, photographed by Gertrude Käsebier.Alfred Harmsworth, who founded the Daily Mail with his brother Harold, photographed by Gertrude Käsebier.Image: Gertrude Kasebier · Public domain
culture · Europe

The first Daily Mail goes on sale

The Daily Mail was first published in London on 4 May 1896 by the brothers Alfred and Harold Harmsworth. It sold for a halfpenny when most London dailies cost a penny, and its short, lively reports aimed at a new mass readership. The first day’s print run of almost 400,000 copies far exceeded the 100,000 planned.

Source: Bodleian History Faculty Library: Daily Mail Historical Archive 1896-2004 ↗
V
THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

The 1900s

War and peace, technological leaps, social change, politics, sport and popular culture.

1904
The Culebra Cut, the canal's deepest excavation, as it looked in December 1904.The Culebra Cut, the canal’s deepest excavation, as it looked in December 1904.Image: Unknown · Public domain
world · Americas

The United States takes over the Panama Canal works

On 4 May 1904 a short ceremony on the isthmus of Panama handed the property of the failed French canal company to the United States. A US Army engineer, Lieutenant Mark Brooke, received the keys to the storehouses and to Ancon Hospital, and the day became known as Acquisition Day. The French effort under Ferdinand de Lesseps had collapsed amid disease and debt. The American project, which first had to control yellow fever and malaria, took ten more years and opened the canal to shipping in August 1914.

Source: Panama Canal Authority: American canal construction ↗
1919
Students gathered in front of the Tiananmen gate in Beijing on 4 May 1919.Students gathered in front of the Tiananmen gate in Beijing on 4 May 1919.Image: Unknown author · Public domain
world · Asia

Beijing’s students start the May Fourth Movement

On 4 May 1919 more than 3,000 students from colleges across Beijing gathered in front of the Tiananmen gate. They were protesting against the Paris Peace Conference’s decision to hand Germany’s former rights in Shandong province to Japan rather than return them to China. Protesters attacked the house of a minister seen as pro-Japanese, and demonstrations and strikes spread across the country in the following weeks. The day gave its name to a wider movement for national renewal, science and a modern written language, and China still marks 4 May as Youth Day.

Source: Britannica: May Fourth Movement ↗
1949
The Basilica of Superga on its hill above Turin.The Basilica of Superga on its hill above Turin.Image: Paris Orlando · CC BY-SA 4.0
sport · Europe

Italy loses the Grande Torino

On 4 May 1949 the aircraft bringing the Torino football team home from a friendly match in Lisbon struck the wall behind the Basilica of Superga, on a hill above Turin, in poor weather. All 31 people on board were killed: players, coaches, club officials, journalists and crew. The side, known as the Grande Torino, had won four league titles in a row, was about to win a fifth and supplied most of the Italian national team. Every year on 4 May supporters climb the hill to Superga, where the names of the dead are listed.

Source: Museo del Grande Torino e della Leggenda Granata: Il Grande Torino ↗
1953
The jacket of the first edition of The Old Man and the Sea, published by Scribner in 1952.The jacket of the first edition of The Old Man and the Sea, published by Scribner in 1952.Image: Charles Scribner's Sons (jacket design) · Public domain
culture · Americas

Hemingway wins the Pulitzer for The Old Man and the Sea

The 1953 Pulitzer Prizes were announced on 4 May, and the prize for fiction went to Ernest Hemingway for The Old Man and the Sea. The short novel, about an old Cuban fisherman’s long struggle with a giant marlin, had first appeared complete in a single issue of Life magazine the previous September. It was Hemingway’s only Pulitzer and came after a decade in which critics had written him off. The following year he received the Nobel Prize in Literature, and the Swedish Academy singled out this book in its citation.

Source: Poynter: 1953 Pulitzer winners included Ernest Hemingway ↗
1979
Margaret Thatcher at the White House with President Jimmy Carter in December 1979, her first year as prime minister.Margaret Thatcher at the White House with President Jimmy Carter in December 1979, her first year as prime minister.Image: Unknown photographer · Public domain
politics · Europe

Britain gets its first woman prime minister

On 4 May 1979, the day after the Conservatives won the general election with a clear overall majority, Margaret Thatcher went to Buckingham Palace and was appointed prime minister. The grocer’s daughter from Grantham, trained as a chemist and a barrister, was the first woman to hold the office. She would govern for more than eleven years, longer than any British prime minister of the 20th century. Her programme of privatisation, curbs on trade union power and tight control of the money supply divided opinion sharply, at home and abroad.

Source: Churchill Archives Centre: Margaret Thatcher, a biography ↗
1990
The declaration on the restoration of Latvia's independence, adopted on 4 May 1990.The declaration on the restoration of Latvia’s independence, adopted on 4 May 1990.Image: Supreme Council of the Republic of Latvia · Public domain
politics · Europe

Latvia votes to restore its independence

On 4 May 1990 the Supreme Council in Riga adopted a declaration restoring the independence of the Republic of Latvia, with 138 votes in favour. It declared that the 1922 constitution was still legally in force and set a transition period until a new Saeima, the parliament, could meet. Full independence was recognised internationally in August 1991, and 4 May is now a national holiday.

Source: Saeima of the Republic of Latvia: Declaration on the Restoration of Independence ↗
1993
The Casa de la Vall in Andorra la Vella, the historic seat of Andorra's parliament.The Casa de la Vall in Andorra la Vella, the historic seat of Andorra’s parliament.Image: Zinneke · CC BY-SA 3.0
politics · Europe

Andorra’s first constitution comes into force

On 4 May 1993 the Principality of Andorra’s first written constitution came into force, after voters approved it in a referendum on 14 March. It kept the two co-princes, the Bishop of Urgell and the French head of state, but made them constitutional figures and set out the people’s rights and freedoms. Andorra joined the United Nations later that year.

Source: Consell General del Principat d’Andorra: Constitution ↗
VI
2000 TO TODAY

Modern Day

The events of recent decades that have already become part of the historical record.

2000
An illustration of the ILOVEYOU e-mail and its 'love letter' attachment.An illustration of the ILOVEYOU e-mail and its ‘love letter’ attachment.Image: Mario23 · Public domain
world · Asia

The ILOVEYOU worm circles the world

On 4 May 2000 e-mails with the subject line ‘ILOVEYOU’ began arriving in inboxes, first in Asia and then, within hours, in Europe and North America. The attachment, which looked like a love letter, was a script that overwrote files and sent itself to everyone in the victim’s address book. By the afternoon of the same day the CERT Coordination Center in the United States had reports of hundreds of thousands of infected computers, and many companies and governments shut down their e-mail. The worm was traced to the Philippines, which had no law against computer crime; it passed one within weeks.

Source: Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon: 2000 CERT Advisories (CA-2000-04) ↗
RESEARCH

Sources & Further Reading

Selected authoritative references supporting the events on this page.

Britannica: Battle of Tewkesbury↗Richard III Society: The Battle of Tewkesbury↗Wikipedia: Battle of Tewkesbury↗Encyclopedia Virginia: Inter caetera by Pope Alexander VI (May 4, 1493)↗Doctrine of Discovery Project: Inter Caetera↗Wikipedia: Inter caetera↗Museum of the City of New York: Peter Minuit↗Historical Society of the New York Courts: Pieter Minuit↗Wikipedia: Peter Minuit↗National Army Museum: Storming of Seringapatam, 4 May 1799↗National Army Museum: Tipu Sultan’s war turban↗Wikipedia: Siege of Seringapatam (1799)↗Bodleian History Faculty Library: Daily Mail Historical Archive 1896-2004↗Wikipedia: Daily Mail↗Panama Canal Authority: American canal construction↗Isthmian Canal Commission (Wikipedia)↗Wikipedia: Panama Canal↗Britannica: May Fourth Movement↗New World Encyclopedia: May Fourth Movement↗Wikipedia: May Fourth Movement↗Museo del Grande Torino e della Leggenda Granata: Il Grande Torino↗FIGC: Tragedia di Superga↗Wikipedia: Superga air disaster↗Poynter: 1953 Pulitzer winners included Ernest Hemingway↗The Pulitzer Prizes: Ernest Hemingway↗Wikipedia: The Old Man and the Sea↗Churchill Archives Centre: Margaret Thatcher, a biography↗EBSCO Research Starters: Thatcher becomes first woman to serve as British Prime Minister↗Wikipedia: Premiership of Margaret Thatcher↗Saeima of the Republic of Latvia: Declaration on the Restoration of Independence↗Museum of the Occupation of Latvia: May 4th↗Latvian Ministry of Defence: Adoption of the Declaration of Independence↗Consell General del Principat d’Andorra: Constitution↗Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe: Andorra’s application for membership↗Wikipedia: Constitution of Andorra↗Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon: 2000 CERT Advisories (CA-2000-04)↗F-Secure: Email-Worm VBS/LoveLetter↗Wikipedia: ILOVEYOU↗
WHY THESE MOMENTS?

Significance before volume

This page is not the longest possible list of events. It is a chronological journey through 4 May, where each entry is chosen for historical significance, human interest and reliability.

Facts are checked against authoritative museums, archives, universities and reference works. Where sources disagree, the page says so.

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