HISTORY & TIMELINE
6 June

A journey through
6 June in history

The story of 6 June runs from a seven-year-old boy left as sole emperor in Constantinople in 913 to Mongolia’s first direct vote for a president in 1993. In between come Swiss pikemen routing a French army at Novara, a Swedish queen giving up her crown, a draper’s prayer group that became the YMCA, a night attack at Stoney Creek, the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, the first Berlin film festival and the birth of the league that became the NBA.

JUMP THROUGH TIME
II
THE MIDDLE AGES

Medieval History

Kingdoms, conflict, faith, power and the changing medieval world.

913
A gold solidus of Constantine VII PorphyrogenitusA gold solidus of Constantine VII PorphyrogenitusImage: Byzantine mint · Public domain
politics · Europe

A boy becomes sole emperor in Constantinople

When the Byzantine emperor Alexander died on 6 June 913 after barely a year on the throne, his nephew Constantine VII, a boy of seven, became sole emperor. Real power passed to a regency council led by the Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos, and later to Constantine’s mother Zoe and the admiral Romanos Lekapenos. Constantine only ruled in his own right from 945, and became famous as a scholar who wrote handbooks on government and court ceremony.

Source: Britannica: Alexander, Byzantine emperor ↗
III
A CHANGING WORLD

Early Modern Era

Exploration, political change, scientific development and expanding global connections.

1513
The Battle of Novara in a 16th-century woodcut from the Swiss chronicle of Johannes StumpfThe Battle of Novara in a 16th-century woodcut from the Swiss chronicle of Johannes StumpfImage: Johannes Stumpf · Public domain
world · Europe

Swiss pikemen rout the French at Novara

In 1513 King Louis XII of France sent an army across the Alps to win back the Duchy of Milan. The Swiss, who were defending the duke, marched to his aid, and before dawn on 6 June 1513 attacked the French camp outside Novara, one column falling on the French guns while others struck from the front and rear. The French were routed. It was the last great victory of the Old Swiss Confederation and the high point of its power in Europe.

Source: Swiss National Museum: Zenith of Swiss power, the Battle of Novara ↗
1644
Dorgon, Prince Rui, regent of the early Qing dynasty, in a 17th-century portraitDorgon, Prince Rui, regent of the early Qing dynasty, in a 17th-century portraitImage: Unknown artist · Public domain
politics · Asia

The Manchu regent Dorgon rides into Beijing

In the spring of 1644 the Ming dynasty, which had ruled China for almost three centuries, fell apart. A peasant rebel army led by Li Zicheng captured Beijing, and the last Ming emperor, Chongzhen, hanged himself. At Shanhai Pass, where the Great Wall meets the sea, the Ming general Wu Sangui now faced Li’s army on one side and the Manchus on the other. He chose to join the Manchus, and together they routed the rebels. The Manchu army was led by Prince Dorgon, regent for his young nephew, the Shunzhi emperor. On 6 June 1644 Dorgon entered Beijing, and instead of handing the city back to the Ming he made it the capital of his own Qing dynasty. He kept much of the Ming system of government and recruited Chinese officials to run it. The conquest of the south took decades, but the Qing ruled China until 1912.

Source: Britannica: Dorgon ↗
1654
Christina's abdication at Uppsala Castle in 1654, drawn by Erik DahlbergChristina’s abdication at Uppsala Castle in 1654, drawn by Erik DahlbergImage: Erik Dahlberg · Public domain
politics · Europe

Queen Christina of Sweden gives up her crown

Christina had been Queen of Sweden since the age of six and was one of the most learned rulers of her day, inviting scholars such as René Descartes to her court. She refused to marry, and on 6 June 1654, at Uppsala Castle, she abdicated in favour of her cousin, who was crowned the same day as Charles X Gustav. She left Sweden at once, converted to Roman Catholicism, a startling step for the daughter of the Protestant hero Gustavus Adolphus, and spent most of her life in Rome.

Source: Britannica: Christina, queen of Sweden ↗
1674
A portrait of Shivaji painted in the Deccan around 1675A portrait of Shivaji painted in the Deccan around 1675Image: Sailko · CC BY 3.0
politics · Asia

Shivaji is crowned king of the Marathas at Raigad

Shivaji began as the son of a Maratha nobleman in the service of the Sultanate of Bijapur. From the 1640s he seized hill forts in the rugged country of the western Deccan and built up a state of his own, defying both Bijapur and the mighty Mughal Empire of Aurangzeb. His light cavalry and chain of mountain strongholds made him a feared and famously elusive opponent. On 6 June 1674, at his mountain fortress of Raigad, Shivaji was crowned in a grand Hindu ceremony and took the title Chhatrapati, meaning lord of the royal umbrella. The coronation proclaimed him an independent sovereign rather than a rebel vassal, and marked the formal founding of the Maratha kingdom. He died six years later, but the Marathas went on to become the leading power in much of India in the 18th century, and the day is still celebrated in Maharashtra.

Source: Press Information Bureau, Government of India: Prime Minister’s message on the 350th year of Shivaji’s coronation ↗
IV
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

The 1800s

Industry, empire, invention, reform and a century of enormous transformation.

1813
The night fight at Stoney Creek, in a drawing by the Canadian artist C. W. JefferysThe night fight at Stoney Creek, in a drawing by the Canadian artist C. W. JefferysImage: Charles William Jefferys · Public domain
world · Americas

A night attack at Stoney Creek halts the Americans

In the spring of 1813, during the War of 1812, an American army crossed the Niagara River and captured Fort George in Upper Canada, today’s Ontario. The outnumbered British fell back along Lake Ontario towards Burlington Heights, and about 3,500 American troops followed them and made camp at Stoney Creek, confident of finishing the job. Rather than wait to be attacked, the British struck first. In the early hours of 6 June, Lieutenant-Colonel John Harvey led about 700 men of the 8th and 49th Regiments through the darkness, with the flints removed from their muskets so that no one could fire by accident. The fight in the dark was confused, but both American generals were captured and their army withdrew. With the British victory at Beaver Dams a few weeks later, it ended the American attempt to take the Niagara Peninsula.

Source: Parks Canada: Battle of Stoney Creek National Historic Site of Canada ↗
1844
Sir George Williams, founder of the YMCA, painted by John CollierSir George Williams, founder of the YMCA, painted by John CollierImage: John Collier · Public domain
world · Europe

A draper’s prayer group becomes the YMCA

George Williams came to London from Somerset to work as a draper in St Paul’s Churchyard. Worried about the long hours and rough temptations facing young men in the city, he started a prayer and Bible study group, and on 6 June 1844 he and eleven friends founded the Young Men’s Christian Association. The idea spread fast across Britain, North America and beyond, and the YMCA grew into a worldwide movement. Williams was knighted in 1894.

Source: YMCA England & Wales: Sir George Williams, founder of YMCA ↗
1859
Old Government House in Brisbane, built in the early 1860s for Queensland's first governor, photographed in 1879Old Government House in Brisbane, built in the early 1860s for Queensland’s first governor, photographed in 1879Image: Unknown photographer · Public domain
politics · Oceania

Queen Victoria signs Queensland into being

In the 1850s the vast north-eastern part of New South Wales, then known as the Moreton Bay district, was governed from faraway Sydney. Its settlers, squatters and townspeople in Brisbane campaigned for years to run their own affairs, arguing that their needs were being ignored by the government in the south. On 6 June 1859 Queen Victoria signed Letters Patent creating the separate colony of Queensland, setting out its boundaries and appointing Sir George Bowen as its first governor. On the same day an Order-in-Council gave the colony its own constitution, with a Legislative Council and an elected Legislative Assembly. Separation was proclaimed in Brisbane when Bowen arrived that December, but 6 June is kept as Queensland Day, the birthday of the state.

Source: Queensland Government: Creation of a state ↗
V
THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

The 1900s

War and peace, technological leaps, social change, politics, sport and popular culture.

1912
The lava dome of Novarupta, in Katmai National Park, AlaskaThe lava dome of Novarupta, in Katmai National Park, AlaskaImage: Katmai National Park and Preserve · Public domain
science · Americas

Novarupta blasts out the century’s greatest eruption

On 6 June 1912 a new vent opened on the remote Alaska Peninsula and began the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century. Over about 60 hours, in three great explosive episodes, it poured out roughly 15 cubic kilometres of magma, many times more than Mount St Helens in 1980. Ash darkened the sky over Kodiak Island, more than 150 kilometres away, and fell as far off as the Pacific Northwest. At first people assumed that nearby Mount Katmai had erupted, and its summit had indeed collapsed into a deep caldera. Only later did scientists realise that the magma had drained from beneath Katmai and burst out about 10 kilometres away. In 1916 a National Geographic expedition led by Robert Griggs found a valley filled with hot ash and hissing with steam vents, and named it the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes. The area became Katmai National Monument in 1918.

Source: U.S. Geological Survey: The Novarupta-Katmai eruption of 1912, largest eruption of the twentieth century ↗
1944
American troops in a landing craft heading for Omaha Beach on the morning of 6 June 1944American troops in a landing craft heading for Omaha Beach on the morning of 6 June 1944Image: U.S. Coast Guard photographer · Public domain
world · Europe

D-Day: the Allies land in Normandy

By the spring of 1944 the Allies had spent two years preparing to invade Nazi-occupied France. Under the supreme command of the American general Dwight D. Eisenhower, a vast force of men, ships, aircraft and supplies was gathered in southern England, while an elaborate deception persuaded the Germans that the blow would fall further east, near Calais. Bad weather forced a delay of one day before Eisenhower gave the order to go. Just after midnight on 6 June, airborne troops dropped behind the coast to secure the flanks, and from about half past six in the morning the seaborne assault began. More than 5,000 ships and landing craft carried troops to five beaches: the Americans landed at Utah and Omaha, the British at Gold and Sword and the Canadians at Juno. Omaha saw the heaviest losses, and by nightfall the Allies had suffered around 10,000 casualties. But about 150,000 men were ashore, and the liberation of western Europe had begun.

Source: Imperial War Museums: D-Day ↗
1946
Madison Square Garden in New York on a 1941 postcard; big-city arena owners like its managers founded the new leagueMadison Square Garden in New York on a 1941 postcard; big-city arena owners like its managers founded the new leagueImage: Frank E. Cooper · Public domain
sport · Americas

The league that became the NBA is founded

In 1946 professional basketball in America was a patchwork of small leagues, many of them based in modest Midwestern towns. The owners of the big ice-hockey arenas in cities such as New York, Boston and Toronto saw a chance to fill their buildings on nights when there was no hockey, and decided to start a basketball league of their own. On 6 June 1946 they met at the Commodore Hotel in New York and founded the Basketball Association of America, with Maurice Podoloff as its first president. Eleven teams took part in the first season, which began that November. In 1949 the BAA merged with its older rival, the National Basketball League, to form the National Basketball Association, which counts 6 June 1946 as its birthday.

Source: NBA.com: About the NBA ↗
1951
The Titania-Palast cinema in Berlin-Steglitz, where the first Berlin film festival opened, photographed in 2012The Titania-Palast cinema in Berlin-Steglitz, where the first Berlin film festival opened, photographed in 2012Image: Muns · CC BY 3.0
culture · Europe

The first Berlin film festival opens

Six years after the end of the Second World War, Berlin was a divided city deep inside Soviet-controlled East Germany. In 1950 an American film officer, Oscar Martay, proposed an international film festival for the western sectors, and a committee of Allied officials, Berlin’s city government and the German film industry set about organising it, with the film historian Alfred Bauer as director. The first Berlin International Film Festival opened on 6 June 1951 at the Titania-Palast cinema with Alfred Hitchcock’s Rebecca, and its star Joan Fontaine attended as guest of honour. The festival quickly grew into one of the most important in the world, alongside Cannes and Venice. Its top prize became the Golden Bear, named after the bear on Berlin’s coat of arms, and since 1978 the Berlinale has been held every February.

Source: Berlinale: 1st Berlin International Film Festival ↗
1982
An Israeli armoured personnel carrier on a village road in southern LebanonIsraeli troops in the south Lebanese village of Zibqin, 8 June 1982Image: P.mielen at Dutch Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0
world · Middle East

Israel invades Lebanon

On 3 June 1982 Palestinian gunmen shot and badly wounded Israel’s ambassador in London. Israel bombed Palestine Liberation Organization bases in Lebanon, the PLO fired rockets into northern Israel, and on 6 June Israeli forces invaded southern Lebanon. The operation was meant to be limited, but the army pushed on to the outskirts of Beirut and fought Syrian forces. The PLO fighters were evacuated from Beirut that August, but Israeli troops stayed in southern Lebanon until 2000.

Source: Britannica: Israel, the war in Lebanon ↗
1993
Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat, Mongolia's first directly elected president, in 1995Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat, Mongolia’s first directly elected president, in 1995Image: European Communities · CC BY 4.0
politics · Asia

Mongolians choose their president by popular vote

After seven decades of one-party communist rule, Mongolia’s peaceful democratic revolution of 1990 was followed by a new constitution in 1992, which said the president should be chosen directly by the people. The first such election was held on 6 June 1993. The sitting president, Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat, who had been appointed by parliament in 1990, now stood as the candidate of the democratic opposition and won.

Source: Britannica: Mongolia, reform and the birth of democracy ↗
RESEARCH

Sources & Further Reading

Selected authoritative references supporting the events on this page.

Britannica: Alexander, Byzantine emperor↗Dumbarton Oaks: Alexander (912-913), Rulers of Byzantium↗Swiss National Museum: Zenith of Swiss power, the Battle of Novara↗Wikipedia: Battle of Novara (1513)↗Britannica: Dorgon↗Eminent Chinese of the Ch’ing Period (ed. A. W. Hummel): Dorgon↗Britannica: Christina, queen of Sweden↗Livrustkammaren (Royal Armoury): Queen Christina of Sweden↗Press Information Bureau, Government of India: Prime Minister’s message on the 350th year of Shivaji’s coronation↗Britannica: Shivaji↗Parks Canada: Battle of Stoney Creek National Historic Site of Canada↗The Canadian Encyclopedia: Battle of Stoney Creek↗YMCA England & Wales: Sir George Williams, founder of YMCA↗World YMCA: Sir George Williams, founder of the YMCA↗Queensland Government: Creation of a state↗Government House Queensland: The Letters Patent, the birth of Queensland↗U.S. Geological Survey: The Novarupta-Katmai eruption of 1912, largest eruption of the twentieth century↗U.S. National Park Service: Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes and the 1912 Novarupta-Katmai eruption↗Imperial War Museums: D-Day↗Britannica: Normandy Invasion↗NBA.com: About the NBA↗Britannica: National Basketball Association↗Berlinale: 1st Berlin International Film Festival↗Britannica: Berlin International Film Festival↗Britannica: Israel, the war in Lebanon↗US Office of the Historian: The Reagan Administration and Lebanon, 1981-1984↗Britannica: Mongolia, reform and the birth of democracy↗US Department of State: Background Notes, Mongolia (1998)↗
WHY THESE MOMENTS?

Significance before volume

This page is not the longest possible list of events. It is a chronological journey through 6 June, where each entry is chosen for historical significance, human interest and reliability.

Facts are checked against authoritative museums, archives, universities and reference works. Where sources disagree, the page says so.

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