HISTORY & TIMELINE
26 June

A journey through
26 June in history

The story of 26 June runs from Richard III’s seizure of the English crown in 1483 to the opening of Toronto’s CN Tower in 1976. In between come the killing of Francisco Pizarro in Lima, a French observation balloon over the battlefield at Fleurus, the isolation of fluorine, the first Grand Prix, the signing of the UN Charter, independence for Madagascar and Somaliland, Kennedy in Berlin, the first barcode scanned at a shop till and a boy wizard’s first appearance in print.

JUMP THROUGH TIME
II
THE MIDDLE AGES

Medieval History

Kingdoms, conflict, faith, power and the changing medieval world.

1483
An early Tudor portrait of Richard III, painted some decades after his deathAn early Tudor portrait of Richard III, painted some decades after his deathImage: Barthel ii · Public domain
politics · Europe

Richard III takes the English throne

When Edward IV died in April 1483, his elder son became king as Edward V at the age of twelve, and the late king’s brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was named Protector. Within weeks Richard had seized control of the boy, arrested or executed rivals, and lodged Edward and his younger brother in the Tower of London. On 22 June a preacher in London declared that Edward IV’s marriage had been invalid and his children illegitimate, and on 25 June an assembly of lords and commons asked Richard to take the crown. On 26 June 1483 Richard accepted, and his reign as Richard III was dated from that day; he was crowned at Westminster on 6 July. The two princes were never seen in public again, and their fate has been argued over ever since. Richard ruled for barely two years before he was killed at the Battle of Bosworth in August 1485, the last English king to die in battle.

Source: Britannica: Richard III, usurpation ↗
III
A CHANGING WORLD

Early Modern Era

Exploration, political change, scientific development and expanding global connections.

1541
Francisco Pizarro in a 19th-century portrait by the French painter Amable-Paul CoutanFrancisco Pizarro in a 19th-century portrait by the French painter Amable-Paul CoutanImage: Amable-Paul Coutan · Public domain
politics · Americas

Francisco Pizarro is killed in Lima

Francisco Pizarro and his partner Diego de Almagro led the small Spanish force that overthrew the Inca Empire in the 1530s. The two soon fell out over the spoils, above all over who should rule the old Inca capital of Cuzco. The quarrel became a civil war among the conquerors, and in 1538 Almagro was defeated and executed on the orders of Pizarro’s brother Hernando. Almagro’s followers gathered around his son, also called Diego, in Lima, the city Pizarro had founded in 1535 as his capital. Poor, watched and fearing they would be eliminated, they struck first. On 26 June 1541 a band of them burst into Pizarro’s palace and killed the old governor after a desperate fight. The younger Almagro declared himself governor of Peru, but a royal official defeated him in battle the next year and he was executed.

Source: Britannica: Francisco Pizarro ↗
1794
A French colour print of the Battle of Fleurus, with the observation balloon above the fightingA French colour print of the Battle of Fleurus, with the observation balloon above the fightingImage: Created/published: Paris : Romanet & Cie., imp. edit., · Public domain
world · Europe

A balloon watches over the Battle of Fleurus

On 26 June 1794 the armies of revolutionary France under Jean-Baptiste Jourdan defeated the Austrians and Dutch near Fleurus, in what is now Belgium, and within weeks the Austrians had abandoned the southern Netherlands. High above the field floated the hydrogen balloon L’Entreprenant, from which officers of France’s new balloon corps watched the enemy’s movements and sent down reports. It was the first time an aircraft played a real part in the outcome of a battle.

Source: Britannica: Battle of Fleurus ↗
IV
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

The 1800s

Industry, empire, invention, reform and a century of enormous transformation.

1886
Liquid fluorine, a pale yellow liquid, in a glass tube cooled to about -196°CLiquid fluorine, a pale yellow liquid, in a glass tube cooled to about -196°CImage: Fulvio314 · CC BY-SA 3.0
science · Europe

Henri Moissan isolates fluorine

Chemists had known for decades that the mineral fluorspar contained an unknown element, but every attempt to free it failed. Fluorine is so reactive that it attacks almost anything it touches, including glass and most metals, and several of the chemists who tried to isolate it were badly poisoned by the hydrogen fluoride they worked with. The French chemist Henri Moissan took a new approach. He passed an electric current through a solution of potassium fluoride in liquid hydrogen fluoride, chilled well below freezing, in an apparatus made of platinum. On 26 June 1886 a gas bubbled up at one electrode that set silicon alight on contact: he had isolated fluorine at last. Moissan went on to build a powerful electric furnace, and in 1906 he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for both achievements. Fluorine compounds are now used in everything from toothpaste to non-stick pans.

Source: NobelPrize.org: Henri Moissan, biographical ↗
V
THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

The 1900s

War and peace, technological leaps, social change, politics, sport and popular culture.

1906
Ferenc Szisz's Renault on the road during the 1906 Grand Prix near Le MansFerenc Szisz’s Renault on the road during the 1906 Grand Prix near Le MansImage: Anonymous · Public domain
sport · Europe

The first Grand Prix is run at Le Mans

Early motor races were often run from city to city on open roads, and after a series of deadly crashes these were stopped. The Automobile Club de France wanted a great international race of its own, and chose a closed triangle of public roads east of Le Mans, about 103 kilometres round, passing through Saint-Calais and La Ferté-Bernard. The Grand Prix de l’ACF was run over two days, 26 and 27 June 1906, with six laps on each day. More than 30 cars started,, but only 11 finished. The winner was the Hungarian-born driver Ferenc Szisz in a Renault, who was helped by new detachable wheel rims that made tyre changes far quicker. Italy’s Felice Nazzaro was second in a Fiat. The race gave its name to Grand Prix motor racing, and it led to the founding of the club that still runs the 24 Hours of Le Mans.

Source: Automobile Club de l’Ouest (lemans.org): The 110th anniversary of the first ACF Grand Prix ↗
1945
A US government poster of the 1940s quoting the opening words of the UN Charter, 'We the peoples of the United Nations'A US government poster of the 1940s quoting the opening words of the UN Charter, ‘We the peoples of the United Nations’Image: Unknown author · Public domain
politics · Global

Fifty nations sign the United Nations Charter

Even before the Second World War was over, the Allies were planning an organisation that could keep the peace better than the League of Nations had. Proposals drawn up at Dumbarton Oaks in Washington in 1944 and refined at Yalta were taken to San Francisco, where delegates of 50 nations met from 25 April 1945 at the United Nations Conference on International Organization. For two months they argued over the details, from the powers of the Security Council to the rights of small states and colonial peoples. On 26 June 1945, the last day of the conference, the delegates signed the finished Charter, together with the Statute of the new International Court of Justice. Its preamble opens with the words ‘We the peoples of the United Nations’, determined to save later generations from the scourge of war. Poland, which had not been represented, signed later as the 51st founding member. The Charter came into force on 24 October 1945, once enough countries had ratified it, and that date is now kept as United Nations Day.

Source: United Nations: The San Francisco Conference ↗
1960
Philibert Tsiranana, Madagascar's first president, photographed on a visit to Israel in August 1961Philibert Tsiranana, Madagascar’s first president, photographed on a visit to Israel in August 1961Image: State of Israel Press Office · Public domain
politics · Africa

Madagascar becomes independent from France

France conquered Madagascar in the 1890s, ending the Merina kingdom that had ruled much of the island, and in 1947 it put down a large uprising at the cost of many thousands of lives. After the Second World War, though, French Africa moved step by step towards self-government. In 1958 the island voted to become an autonomous republic within the French Community, and the schoolteacher-turned-politician Philibert Tsiranana, whose Social Democratic Party drew its strength from the coastal peoples, became its leader. Negotiations with Paris followed, and on 26 June 1960 Madagascar became fully independent as the Malagasy Republic, with Tsiranana as its first president. It was one of the many African countries that gained independence in 1960. Tsiranana kept close ties with France and governed until 1972, when protests forced him from power. Madagascar celebrates 26 June as its national day.

Source: Britannica: Philibert Tsiranana ↗
1960
The Somali national flag is raised in Hargeisa on 26 June 1960The Somali national flag is raised in Hargeisa on 26 June 1960Image: Unknown author · Public domain
politics · Africa

British Somaliland becomes independent

The British protectorate of Somaliland, on the Gulf of Aden, became the independent State of Somaliland on 26 June 1960. Five days later, on 1 July, it joined the former Italian Somaliland to form the Somali Republic. After the collapse of Somalia’s government, the north declared itself the Republic of Somaliland in 1991, and it still marks 26 June as its independence day, although few countries recognise it.

Source: Britannica: British Somaliland ↗
1963
The memorial plaque to John F. Kennedy at the Rathaus Schöneberg in Berlin, on the square now named after himThe memorial plaque to John F. Kennedy at the Rathaus Schöneberg in Berlin, on the square now named after himImage: OTFW, Berlin · CC BY-SA 3.0
politics · Europe

Kennedy tells West Berlin ‘Ich bin ein Berliner’

In August 1961 East Germany sealed off West Berlin with barbed wire and then a concrete wall, cutting families apart and leaving the western half of the city an island inside communist territory. Two years later President John F. Kennedy made a tour of West Germany, and on 26 June 1963 he spent a day in West Berlin. He looked over the Wall at the Brandenburg Gate and at Checkpoint Charlie before driving to the Rathaus Schöneberg, West Berlin’s city hall. From its steps he spoke to a crowd of hundreds of thousands in the square below. Challenging anyone who doubted the difference between the free world and the communist one, he repeated ‘Let them come to Berlin’, and he ended by saying that all free people, wherever they lived, were citizens of Berlin, and so he too took pride in the words ‘Ich bin ein Berliner’. The speech became one of the best-remembered of the Cold War, and the square where it was given was later renamed John-F.-Kennedy-Platz.

Source: JFK Library: Remarks at the Rudolph Wilde Platz, Berlin, 26 June 1963 ↗
1974
Diagrams from IBM's work on a product code in the early 1970s, showing a round design and a striped barcodeDiagrams from IBM’s work on a product code in the early 1970s, showing a round design and a striped barcodeImage: Unknown · Public domain
science · Americas

The first barcode is scanned at a shop till

At a Marsh supermarket in Troy, Ohio, on 26 June 1974, a cashier passed a 10-pack of Wrigley’s Juicy Fruit chewing gum over a new scanner, and it became the first product sold using the Universal Product Code. American grocers had agreed on the striped code the year before. Barcodes, now run worldwide by the GS1 organisation, are scanned billions of times a day.

Source: Smithsonian Institution: Supermarket scanner ↗
1976
A dining room high up inside the CN Tower, with windows looking out over TorontoA dining room high up inside the CN Tower, with windows looking out over TorontoImage: Ken Lund from Reno, Nevada, USA · CC BY-SA 2.0
culture · Americas

Toronto’s CN Tower opens to the public

Built by the railway company Canadian National as a communications tower and finished in 1975, the CN Tower in Toronto opened to the public on 26 June 1976. At 553 metres it was the world’s tallest free-standing structure for more than three decades, until it was overtaken by the Burj Khalifa in Dubai.

Source: CN Tower: History ↗
1997
A 'Platform 9¾' sign on a wall at King's Cross station in London, a nod to the booksA ‘Platform 9¾’ sign on a wall at King’s Cross station in London, a nod to the booksImage: Oxyman · CC BY 2.5
culture · Europe

The first Harry Potter book is published

J. K. Rowling began writing about a boy who discovers he is a wizard in 1990, and finished the first book in Edinburgh while bringing up her young daughter on her own. Several publishers turned it down before Bloomsbury, a London publisher, accepted it for its children’s list. Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone came out on 26 June 1997 in a small first print run of hardbacks, with little publicity. Word of mouth did the rest. The book won prizes, appeared in the United States in 1998 as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, and was followed by six more titles, the last in 2007. The series has sold more than 500 million copies, been translated into dozens of languages and spawned eight films, and it drew a generation of children into reading long books.

Source: DCMS Libraries (UK government): How will you mark 20 years since Harry Potter appeared? ↗
WHY THESE MOMENTS?

Significance before volume

This page is not the longest possible list of events. It is a chronological journey through 26 June, where each entry is chosen for historical significance, human interest and reliability.

Facts are checked against authoritative museums, archives, universities and reference works. Where sources disagree, the page says so.

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