HISTORY & TIMELINE
21 January

A journey through
21 January in history

The twenty-first day of the year has seen the first Monte Carlo Rally set off, Janáček’s Jenůfa open in Brno, the first nuclear submarine slide into the water, Concorde begin carrying passengers, an American president pardon the Vietnam draft evaders and an Ecuadorian president toppled by protest. This timeline follows 21 January from the sixteenth century to the twenty-first.

JUMP THROUGH TIME
III
A CHANGING WORLD

Early Modern Era

Exploration, political change, scientific development and expanding global connections.

1525
A memorial plaque on the Limmat in Zürich to Felix Manz and five other Anabaptists drowned in the river between 1527 and 1532.A memorial plaque on the Limmat in Zürich to Felix Manz and five other Anabaptists drowned in the river between 1527 and 1532.Image: Roland zh · CC BY-SA 3.0
culture · Europe

Radicals in Zürich baptise one another, beginning the Anabaptist movement

In Zürich the reformer Huldrych Zwingli had broken with Rome, but some of his young followers, led by Conrad Grebel and Felix Manz, wanted to go further. They believed baptism should be for adults who chose the faith for themselves, not for infants. On 18 January 1525 the city council ordered all parents to have their babies baptised within eight days or be banished. On the night of 21 January about fifteen of the radicals met at the house of Manz’s mother. Grebel baptised the former priest George Blaurock, who then baptised the others. Their enemies called them Anabaptists, ‘re-baptisers’. They were persecuted by Catholics and Protestants alike, and Manz was drowned in the river Limmat two years later, but the movement survived; the Mennonites, Amish and Hutterites all descend from it.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: Swiss Brethren ↗
1643
Tasman's two ships at anchor off Tongatapu, with the islanders' canoes and gifts; a woodcut after Isaack Gilsemans, the expedition's artist.Tasman’s two ships at anchor off Tongatapu, with the islanders’ canoes and gifts; a woodcut after Isaack Gilsemans, the expedition’s artist.Image: Isaack Gilsemans · Public domain
world · Oceania

Abel Tasman’s ships reach Tonga

In 1642 the Dutch East India Company sent Abel Tasman from Batavia to explore the unknown southern ocean. He sighted Tasmania and the west coast of New Zealand, where a clash with Māori at Golden Bay left four of his men dead, then turned north without landing again. On 21 January 1643 his ships Heemskerck and Zeehaen reached the southern islands of the Tonga group, the first Europeans known to have visited them. At Tongatapu the islanders came out to trade, and the hungry crews at last obtained plenty of food and water. Tasman sailed on past Fiji and New Guinea, returning to Batavia in June.

Source: Te Ara, Dictionary of New Zealand Biography: Abel Janszoon Tasman ↗
1793
The execution of Louis XVI on the Place de la Révolution, 21 January 1793, in a French print of the 1790s (Rijksmuseum).The execution of Louis XVI on the Place de la Révolution, 21 January 1793, in a French print of the 1790s (Rijksmuseum).Image: Rijksmuseum · CC0
politics · Europe

Louis XVI dies on the guillotine

The French monarchy fell in August 1792, when crowds stormed the Tuileries palace and Louis XVI was imprisoned. That September the new National Convention declared France a republic, and in December it put the former king on trial for treason as ‘Citizen Louis Capet’. He was found guilty and, by a narrow majority, condemned to death. On the morning of 21 January 1793 he was driven through Paris to the Place de la Révolution, now the Place de la Concorde, and guillotined before a great crowd. His execution drew Britain, Spain and the Netherlands into war with France; his queen, Marie-Antoinette, followed him to the guillotine nine months later.

Source: Palace of Versailles: Louis XVI ↗
V
THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

The 1900s

War and peace, technological leaps, social change, politics, sport and popular culture.

1904
Leoš Janáček, photographed in 1914.Leoš Janáček, photographed in 1914.Image: Unkonwn · Public domain
culture · Europe

Janáček’s Jenůfa opens in Brno

Leoš Janáček spent almost nine years writing Jenůfa, a village tragedy of jealousy and a hidden child, set to the rhythms of Moravian speech. He finished it just before the death of his daughter Olga in 1903 and dedicated it to her memory. The National Theatre in Prague turned it down, so it had its premiere at the modest Veveří Theatre in Brno on 21 January 1904, where it was a great success. Prague finally staged it in 1916, and a Vienna production two years later made Janáček, then in his sixties, famous across Europe.

Source: Leoš Janáček Foundation: Jenůfa ↗
1911
Henri Rougier and his mechanic with the 25-horsepower Turcat-Méry before the first Monte Carlo Rally.Henri Rougier and his mechanic with the 25-horsepower Turcat-Méry before the first Monte Carlo Rally.Image: Unknown · Public domain
sport · Europe

The first Monte Carlo Rally sets off

To draw winter visitors to Monaco, its Automobile Club organised a new kind of motoring contest: cars would set out from cities across Europe and converge on Monte Carlo. The first rally began on 21 January 1911, with starting points in Paris, Berlin, Brussels, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Vienna and Geneva. Twenty-three crews took part. The winner was Henri Rougier, an early aviator, who drove from Paris in a Turcat-Méry at an average of 13.8 kilometres an hour. The Rallye Monte-Carlo became one of the most famous events in motor sport and is still held every January.

Source: Automobile Club de Monaco: history ↗
1919
Members of the first Dáil photographed at the Mansion House, Dublin, at its session of April 1919.Members of the first Dáil photographed at the Mansion House, Dublin, at its session of April 1919.Image: Original uploader was Guliolopez at en.wikipedia · Public domain
politics · Europe

Ireland’s first Dáil declares independence

In the British general election of December 1918 the Irish nationalist party Sinn Féin won 73 of Ireland’s 105 seats. Its members refused to take their seats at Westminster, and many of them were in prison. Those who were free met instead in the Round Room of the Mansion House in Dublin on 21 January 1919 as Dáil Éireann, the assembly of Ireland. In a two-hour sitting they adopted a constitution and read a Declaration of Independence in Irish, French and English. On the same day two policemen were shot dead at Soloheadbeg in County Tipperary, in the first action of what became the War of Independence.

Source: Houses of the Oireachtas: history of parliament in Ireland ↗
1954
USS Nautilus slides into the Thames River at Groton, Connecticut, 21 January 1954.USS Nautilus slides into the Thames River at Groton, Connecticut, 21 January 1954.Image: U.S. Navy photo · Public domain
science · Americas

The first nuclear-powered submarine is launched

Ordinary submarines had to surface or snorkel often to run the diesel engines that charged their batteries. A nuclear reactor, needing no air, could drive a submarine underwater for months. A team led by Captain Hyman Rickover built the first reactor small enough to fit inside one. On 21 January 1954 the First Lady, Mamie Eisenhower, broke a bottle of champagne over the bow of USS Nautilus at the Electric Boat yard in Groton, Connecticut, and she slid into the Thames River. A year later she signalled ‘underway on nuclear power’, and in 1958 she became the first vessel to reach the North Pole, travelling beneath the Arctic ice.

Source: Naval History and Heritage Command: Nautilus IV (SSN-571) ↗
1968
Contaminated ice being loaded into steel tanks for shipment to the United States during the Thule clean-up, 1968.Contaminated ice being loaded into steel tanks for shipment to the United States during the Thule clean-up, 1968.Image: United States Air Force · Public domain
world · Americas

A bomber carrying nuclear weapons crashes in Greenland

On 21 January 1968 a US Air Force B-52 carrying four hydrogen bombs caught fire and crashed on the sea ice near Thule Air Base in northern Greenland; one of its seven crew was killed. The bombs did not explode, but their conventional explosives scattered plutonium over the ice. In months of work, American and Danish crews removed contaminated ice and debris to the United States.

Source: US Defense Technical Information Center: Project Crested Ice, USAF B-52 accident at Thule, Greenland, 21 January 1968 ↗
1976
A British Airways Concorde, from a publicity image of 1976.A British Airways Concorde, from a publicity image of 1976.Image: Unknown authorUnknown author or not provided · Public domain
science · Global

Concorde begins carrying passengers

Concorde, built jointly by Britain and France, first flew in 1969. It cruised at more than twice the speed of sound and nearly twice as high as ordinary airliners. On 21 January 1976 the first scheduled supersonic passenger services took off at the same moment: British Airways from London to Bahrain and Air France from Paris to Rio de Janeiro by way of Dakar. Flights to Washington and New York followed, crossing the Atlantic in about three and a half hours. Fares were high and only fourteen aircraft went into service; after a fatal crash near Paris in 2000 and a slump in air travel, Concorde was retired in 2003.

Source: Brooklands Museum: Concorde timeline ↗
1977
Jimmy Carter, president of the United States from 1977 to 1981, in his official portrait.Jimmy Carter, president of the United States from 1977 to 1981, in his official portrait.Image: Department of Defense. Department of the Navy. Naval Photographic Center · Public domain
politics · Americas

President Carter pardons the Vietnam draft evaders

On his first full day in office, 21 January 1977, Jimmy Carter kept a campaign promise with Proclamation 4483: a full and unconditional pardon for all who had broken the draft law between August 1964 and March 1973, including the thousands who had fled to Canada. Deserters were not covered. Critics on both sides said it went too far or not far enough.

Source: US National Archives: Proclamation 4483, granting pardon for violations of the Selective Service Act ↗
VI
2000 TO TODAY

Modern Day

The events of recent decades that have already become part of the historical record.

2000
Jamil Mahuad, the ousted president, photographed in 2007.Jamil Mahuad, the ousted president, photographed in 2007.Image: NawlinWiki at English Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0
politics · Americas

Protesters and officers force out Ecuador’s president

Ecuador’s economy had collapsed, and President Jamil Mahuad’s plan to replace the sucre with the US dollar angered many. On 21 January 2000 thousands of indigenous protesters and junior army officers led by Colonel Lucio Gutiérrez occupied the Congress building in Quito, and Mahuad was removed. The next day Vice-President Gustavo Noboa took office and went ahead with dollarisation.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: Jamil Mahuad Witt ↗
RESEARCH

Sources & Further Reading

Selected authoritative references supporting the events on this page.

WHY THESE MOMENTS?

Significance before volume

This page is not the longest possible list of events. It is a chronological journey through 21 January, where each entry is chosen for historical significance, human interest and reliability.

Facts are checked against authoritative museums, archives, universities and reference works. Where sources disagree, the page says so.

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