HISTORY & TIMELINE
19 April

A journey through
19 April in history

From the killing of an Archbishop of Canterbury by Viking raiders in 1012 to the German parliament’s return to the Reichstag in 1999, 19 April has seen the reformers at Speyer earn the name Protestants, Cook sight Australia’s east coast, the powers guarantee Belgium, the first Boston Marathon, the final part of the Oxford dictionary and the launch of the first space station. This timeline follows the date across nearly a thousand years.

II
THE MIDDLE AGES

Medieval History

Kingdoms, conflict, faith, power and the changing medieval world.

1012
St Alfege Church in Greenwich, the parish church that bears the archbishop's name.St Alfege Church in Greenwich, the parish church that bears the archbishop’s name.Image: Stephen Craven · CC BY-SA 2.0
culture · Europe

Viking raiders kill the Archbishop of Canterbury

Aelfheah, or Alphege, the Archbishop of Canterbury, had been seized when Danish raiders sacked Canterbury in 1011. He refused to let his people pay a huge ransom for him. On 19 April 1012, at the Danish camp at Greenwich, drunken captors beat him to death. He was soon honoured as a martyr, and Greenwich’s parish church still bears his name.

Source: Canterbury Cathedral: The Vikings (A Walk Through Time) ↗
III
A CHANGING WORLD

Early Modern Era

Exploration, political change, scientific development and expanding global connections.

1529
The Memorial Church in Speyer, built in memory of the Protestation of 1529.The Memorial Church in Speyer, built in memory of the Protestation of 1529.Image: Immanuel Giel · Public domain
culture · Europe

The ‘Protestants’ get their name at Speyer

At the imperial diet in Speyer, the Catholic majority moved to reverse an earlier compromise that had let each German ruler decide how to treat Luther’s followers. On 19 April 1529 six Lutheran princes and fourteen free cities issued a formal protest, declaring that in matters of conscience they must obey God first. From this ‘Protestation’ the reformers became known as Protestants.

Source: Britannica: Diets of Speyer ↗
1770
The lighthouse at Point Hicks in eastern Victoria, Australia.The lighthouse at Point Hicks in eastern Victoria, Australia.Image: Stevage · CC BY-SA 4.0
world · Oceania

The Endeavour sights Australia’s east coast

Sailing west from New Zealand, James Cook’s ship Endeavour came in sight of land in what is now eastern Victoria. Cook’s journal dates it 19 April 1770 and names the spot Point Hicks after the lieutenant who saw it first. It was the first European sighting of Australia’s east coast. Over the next four months Cook charted the coast northwards to Cape York, passing lands long home to many Aboriginal nations.

Source: National Museum of Australia: Cook’s journal, April 1770 ↗
1775
The Old North Bridge at Concord, Massachusetts, across the meadow, 2010.The Old North Bridge at Concord, Massachusetts, across the meadow, 2010.Image: Cbaile19 · CC0
world · Americas

Shots at Lexington and Concord start the American Revolution

Before dawn on 19 April 1775, about 700 British soldiers marching from Boston to seize militia supplies at Concord met a few dozen armed colonists drawn up on Lexington Green. Shots rang out, eight Americans fell, and nobody has ever settled who fired first. At Concord’s North Bridge the militia pushed back a British detachment, and the long march back to Boston became a running fight from behind walls and barns. By nightfall the colonies were at war with Britain, and thousands of New Englanders were gathering to besiege Boston.

Source: National Park Service: April 19, 1775 (Minute Man National Historical Park) ↗
IV
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

The 1800s

Industry, empire, invention, reform and a century of enormous transformation.

1839
A map of independent Belgium and its disputed borders between 1830 and 1839.A map of independent Belgium and its disputed borders between 1830 and 1839.Image: Big Bad Dog · Public domain
world · Europe

Europe’s powers guarantee Belgium’s neutrality

Nine years after Belgium broke away from the Netherlands, the Dutch king finally accepted its independence in a treaty signed in London on 19 April 1839. Britain, France, Austria, Prussia and Russia promised to guarantee Belgium as a permanently neutral state. When Germany invaded Belgium in August 1914, its chancellor dismissed the treaty as ‘a scrap of paper’, and Britain went to war to uphold it.

Source: The National Archives (UK): Treaty of London (‘Scrap of Paper treaty’), 19 April 1839 ↗
1897
The start of the first Boston Marathon, sketched for the Boston Globe in 1897.The start of the first Boston Marathon, sketched for the Boston Globe in 1897.Image: AnonymousUnknown author · Public domain
sport · Americas

The first Boston Marathon is run

Inspired by the marathon at the first modern Olympics in Athens, the Boston Athletic Association staged its own long-distance race on 19 April 1897. Fifteen runners set off from Ashland, and John J. McDermott of New York won in 2 hours 55 minutes. The course was about 24.5 miles, shorter than today’s standard distance. Held every year since, Boston is the world’s oldest annual marathon, still run on Patriots’ Day, the holiday that marks the battles of 1775.

Source: Boston Athletic Association: History of the Boston Marathon ↗
V
THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

The 1900s

War and peace, technological leaps, social change, politics, sport and popular culture.

1928
Volumes of the second edition of the Oxford English Dictionary.Volumes of the second edition of the Oxford English Dictionary.Image: Dan (mrpolyonymous on Flickr) · CC BY 2.0
culture · Europe

The great Oxford dictionary is finished

On 19 April 1928 Oxford University Press issued the 125th and final instalment of A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, covering the last stretch of the letter W. The project had been launched some seventy years earlier. Filling more than 15,000 pages, it traced the history of more than 400,000 words with quotations sent in by volunteer readers across the English-speaking world. Reissued in 1933 as the Oxford English Dictionary, it is still being revised.

Source: Oxford English Dictionary: Dictionary milestones ↗
1943
The Monument to the Ghetto Heroes in Warsaw.The Monument to the Ghetto Heroes in Warsaw.Image: Pudelek · CC BY-SA 4.0
world · Europe

The Warsaw Ghetto rises against deportation

On 19 April 1943, the eve of Passover, German troops and police entered the Warsaw Ghetto to deport the Jews still living there. They were met by gunfire from Jewish fighters who had prepared bunkers and hidden weapons for this moment. Several hundred poorly armed insurgents held out for almost four weeks before the ghetto was burned and the revolt crushed in mid-May. It was the largest Jewish uprising of the Second World War and the first urban revolt in German-occupied Europe.

Source: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Warsaw Ghetto Uprising ↗
1943
Albert Hofmann in 1993, at a conference marking 50 years since his discovery.Albert Hofmann in 1993, at a conference marking 50 years since his discovery.Image: Philip H. Bailey (E-mail) · CC BY-SA 2.5
science · Europe

A Swiss chemist tests LSD on himself

On the afternoon of 19 April 1943 Albert Hofmann, a chemist at Sandoz in Basel, swallowed a tiny dose of a compound he had made from ergot, a fungus that grows on rye. Within the hour the world around him began to warp and shift. With wartime limits on cars, he cycled home with an assistant while the effects grew stronger, a ride later marked by enthusiasts as Bicycle Day. His notes began decades of research into LSD, and fierce arguments about it.

Source: Science History Institute: High Times ↗
1951
General Douglas MacArthur in Manila, 1945.General Douglas MacArthur in Manila, 1945.Image: Photographer not credited. · Public domain
politics · Americas

MacArthur’s ‘old soldiers’ speech

Eight days after President Truman dismissed him as commander in Korea, General Douglas MacArthur addressed both houses of Congress on 19 April 1951. He argued for a harder line against Communist China, then closed by quoting an old army ballad: old soldiers never die, they just fade away. Huge crowds cheered him in Washington, but his public career soon did fade.

Source: US House of Representatives, History, Art & Archives: MacArthur’s farewell address ↗
1956
Grace Kelly and Prince Rainier III at their religious wedding in St Nicholas Cathedral, Monaco, 19 April 1956.Grace Kelly and Prince Rainier III at their religious wedding in St Nicholas Cathedral, Monaco, 19 April 1956.Image: AP · Public domain
culture · Europe

Grace Kelly marries the Prince of Monaco

On 19 April 1956 the Hollywood star Grace Kelly married Prince Rainier III in St Nicholas Cathedral in Monaco, a day after a civil ceremony at the palace. Her gown of lace, silk and seed pearls was made by the MGM costume designer Helen Rose. The wedding was broadcast live to millions of European viewers and filmed for cinemas, one of the first royal weddings shown on television. Kelly gave up acting and became Princess Grace; the dress is now in the Philadelphia Museum of Art.

Source: Philadelphia Museum of Art: Grace Kelly’s Royal Wedding Dress ↗
1960
A memorial stone at the National April 19th Cemetery in Seoul, where those who died in the revolution are buried.A memorial stone at the National April 19th Cemetery in Seoul, where those who died in the revolution are buried.Image: InSapphoWeTrust from Los Angeles, California, USA · CC BY-SA 2.0
politics · Asia

Korean students rise against a rigged election

On 19 April 1960, tens of thousands of students poured into the streets of Seoul and other South Korean cities, angered by a blatantly fixed presidential election and the death of a young protester. Police opened fire, and many demonstrators were killed. Within a week President Syngman Rhee, in power since 1948, resigned and left for exile in Hawaii. South Koreans remember the April Revolution as a founding moment of their democracy, and it is named in the preamble of the country’s constitution.

Source: Britannica: Syngman Rhee ↗
1965
Moore's Law in practice: the number of transistors on microchips from 1970 to 2020 (Our World in Data).Moore’s Law in practice: the number of transistors on microchips from 1970 to 2020 (Our World in Data).Image: Max Roser, Hannah Ritchie · CC BY 4.0
science · Americas

Gordon Moore predicts the rise of the microchip

The trade magazine Electronics dated 19 April 1965 carried a short article by Gordon Moore, a young research chief at Fairchild Semiconductor. Plotting the handful of chips made so far, he forecast that the number of components on one would keep doubling at a steady pace. His guess, later nicknamed Moore’s Law, held up remarkably well for decades. It became a target the whole industry planned around, driving the shrinking and cheapening of computers, phones and almost every other electronic device.

Source: Computer History Museum: 1965, Moore’s Law Predicts the Future of Integrated Circuits ↗
1971
A paper model of Salyut 1 with a Soyuz spacecraft docked at one end.A paper model of Salyut 1 with a Soyuz spacecraft docked at one end.Image: Godai · CC BY-SA 3.0
science · Asia

The first space station goes into orbit

On 19 April 1971 a Proton rocket lifted off from Baikonur in Soviet Kazakhstan carrying Salyut 1, the world’s first space station. It was a cylinder about 15 metres long, designed to house a crew for months at a time. In June three cosmonauts spent more than three weeks aboard, a record, but they died when their Soyuz capsule lost pressure on the way home. Salyut 1 was steered back into the atmosphere over the Pacific that October, yet it opened the era of long stays in orbit.

Source: NASA: 50 Years Ago, Launch of Salyut, the World’s First Space Station ↗
1971
Siaka Stevens, Sierra Leone's first executive president, on an official visit to the European Communities in 1979.Siaka Stevens, Sierra Leone’s first executive president, on an official visit to the European Communities in 1979.Image: European Communities, 1979 / EC - Audiovisual Service · CC BY 4.0
world · Africa

Sierra Leone becomes a republic

Ten years after independence from Britain, Sierra Leone’s parliament declared the country a republic on 19 April 1971, ending the British monarch’s role as head of state. The prime minister, Siaka Stevens, soon became its first executive president. He went on to rule until 1985, turning the country into a one-party state along the way.

Source: Britannica: Siaka Stevens ↗
1995
The reflecting pool and the Gate of Time at the Oklahoma City National Memorial.The reflecting pool and the Gate of Time at the Oklahoma City National Memorial.Image: w_lemay · CC BY-SA 2.0
world · Americas

A bomb destroys a federal building in Oklahoma City

At 9.02 on the morning of 19 April 1995, a truck bomb exploded outside the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. It killed 168 people, including 19 children, and injured hundreds more. A former soldier, Timothy McVeigh, was convicted and executed. The site is now a national memorial, with an empty chair for each person who died.

Source: FBI: Oklahoma City Bombing ↗
1999
Looking up through Norman Foster's glass dome on the Reichstag in Berlin.Looking up through Norman Foster’s glass dome on the Reichstag in Berlin.Image: Ank Kumar · CC BY-SA 4.0
politics · Europe

Germany’s parliament returns to the Reichstag

On 19 April 1999 the Bundestag held its first full sitting in the rebuilt Reichstag in Berlin, the building gutted by fire in 1933 and left scarred by war. The British architect Norman Foster had crowned it with a new glass dome that visitors can walk up, looking down into the debating chamber below. The move marked the parliament’s return from Bonn to a reunited capital.

Source: Foster + Partners: The plenary building in the converted Reichstag ↗
VI
2000 TO TODAY

Modern Day

The events of recent decades that have already become part of the historical record.

2005
Pope Benedict XVI during his visit to Berlin in 2011.Pope Benedict XVI during his visit to Berlin in 2011.Image: WDKrause (crop by Художник992) · CC BY-SA 3.0
culture · Global

Joseph Ratzinger becomes Pope Benedict XVI

On 19 April 2005, on the second day of the conclave that followed the death of John Paul II, white smoke rose over the Sistine Chapel and Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger was named the 265th pope. He chose the name Benedict XVI. At 78 he was the oldest man elected pope in almost three centuries, and the first German in the role for nearly a thousand years. Long the Vatican’s guardian of doctrine, he would later become the first pope in six centuries to resign.

Source: Vatican: Biography of His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI ↗
RESEARCH

Sources & Further Reading

Selected authoritative references supporting the events on this page.

Canterbury Cathedral: The Vikings (A Walk Through Time)↗Britannica: Greenwich↗Britannica: Diets of Speyer↗Christianity Today: Positively Protestant↗National Museum of Australia: Cook’s journal, April 1770↗Australian National Maritime Museum: James Cook and HMB Endeavour↗National Park Service: April 19, 1775 (Minute Man National Historical Park)↗Britannica: Battles of Lexington and Concord↗The National Archives (UK): Treaty of London (‘Scrap of Paper treaty’), 19 April 1839↗UK Parliament Hansard: Belgium (Neutrality), 3 August 1914↗Boston Athletic Association: History of the Boston Marathon↗Britannica: Boston Marathon↗Oxford English Dictionary: Dictionary milestones↗Wikipedia: Oxford English Dictionary↗United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Warsaw Ghetto Uprising↗Yad Vashem: Warsaw Ghetto Uprising↗Science History Institute: High Times↗Britannica: Albert Hofmann↗US House of Representatives, History, Art & Archives: MacArthur’s farewell address↗Harry S. Truman Library: Transcript of General MacArthur’s address to Congress↗Philadelphia Museum of Art: Grace Kelly’s Royal Wedding Dress↗Britannica: Rainier III, prince de Monaco↗Britannica: Syngman Rhee↗Korea.net (Government of the Republic of Korea): Explaining April 19 Revolution in 3 words↗Computer History Museum: 1965, Moore’s Law Predicts the Future of Integrated Circuits↗Intel: Moore’s Law↗NASA: 50 Years Ago, Launch of Salyut, the World’s First Space Station↗Britannica: Salyut↗Britannica: Siaka Stevens↗Springer Nature (The Statesman’s Yearbook): Sierra Leone↗FBI: Oklahoma City Bombing↗Oklahoma Historical Society: Oklahoma City Bombing↗Foster + Partners: The plenary building in the converted Reichstag↗German Bundestag: From the Parliamentary Council to the most visited parliament in the world↗Vatican: Biography of His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI↗Vatican News: Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI, official biography↗
WHY THESE MOMENTS?

Significance before volume

This page is not the longest possible list of events. It is a chronological journey through 19 April, where each entry is chosen for historical significance, human interest and reliability.

Facts are checked against authoritative museums, archives, universities and reference works. Where sources disagree, the page says so.

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