HISTORY & TIMELINE
16 April

A journey through
16 April in history

From the death of the Roman emperor Otho in AD 69 to the treaty that brought ten countries into the European Union in 2003, 16 April has seen Salta founded in the Andes, Gandhi defy an order to leave Champaran, Harriet Quimby fly the English Channel, a ship explode at Texas City and a free Nelson Mandela greeted at Wembley. This timeline follows the date across nearly two thousand years.

I
EARLIEST RECORDS

Ancient & Early History

The earliest worthwhile records and events connected with this date.

69
A Roman marble statue of the emperor Otho in the Louvre, Paris.A Roman marble statue of the emperor Otho in the Louvre, Paris.Image: Fred Romero from Paris, France · CC BY 2.0
politics · Europe

Emperor Otho ends his brief reign

On 16 April 69, after his army had been beaten by the forces of his rival Vitellius near Bedriacum in northern Italy, the Roman emperor Otho took his own life. He had ruled for barely three months. Ancient writers said he chose to die rather than prolong a civil war. It was the middle of the Year of the Four Emperors, which ended with Vespasian in power.

Source: De Imperatoribus Romanis (Loyola University Chicago): Otho ↗
III
A CHANGING WORLD

Early Modern Era

Exploration, political change, scientific development and expanding global connections.

1582
The city of Salta in north-west Argentina, with the Andes foothills behind.The city of Salta in north-west Argentina, with the Andes foothills behind.Image: loco085 · CC BY-SA 4.0
world · Americas

Spanish settlers found the city of Salta

On 16 April 1582, Hernando de Lerma, the Spanish governor of Tucumán, set up the post of justice that marked the founding of a new city in the Lerma Valley of what is now north-west Argentina. It was meant as a staging point on the road between Lima, the silver mines of Potosí and the River Plate. Lerma later fell from favour and his name was dropped from the city’s title. Salta became one of the region’s great colonial cities.

Source: Municipalidad de Salta: Historia ↗
1746
An Incident in the Rebellion of 1745, David Morier's painting of the fighting at Culloden.An Incident in the Rebellion of 1745, David Morier’s painting of the fighting at Culloden.Image: David Morier · Public domain
world · Europe

The Jacobite cause is crushed at Culloden

On a moor near Inverness on 16 April 1746 (by the Old Style calendar Britain still used), Prince Charles Edward Stuart’s Jacobite army met a larger government force under the Duke of Cumberland. The fighting lasted less than an hour, and the Highland charge broke against disciplined musket and cannon fire. It was the last pitched battle fought on British soil. Charles escaped to France, the Stuart claim to the throne never recovered, and the government moved to dismantle the Highland clan system.

Source: National Army Museum: Battle of Culloden ↗
IV
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

The 1800s

Industry, empire, invention, reform and a century of enormous transformation.

1853
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus in Mumbai, the great Victorian station that replaced Bori Bunder, where the first train set off.Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus in Mumbai, the great Victorian station that replaced Bori Bunder, where the first train set off.Image: Sailko · CC BY 3.0
world · Asia

India’s first passenger train steams out of Bombay

On the afternoon of 16 April 1853, a train pulled out of Bori Bunder in Bombay and headed north for Thane, 34 kilometres away. Three steam locomotives named Sahib, Sultan and Sindh hauled roughly 400 passengers on a journey that took less than an hour, with a stop at Sion to take on water. The line was run by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway, and the day is still marked as the birth of the Indian railways. From that short stretch grew one of the largest rail networks on Earth.

Source: National Rail Museum (Google Arts & Culture): A History of Indian Railways ↗
V
THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

The 1900s

War and peace, technological leaps, social change, politics, sport and popular culture.

1912
Harriet Quimby in her flying outfit in 1911.Harriet Quimby in her flying outfit in 1911.Image: Bain · Public domain
world · Europe

Harriet Quimby becomes the first woman to fly the English Channel

On 16 April 1912, the American pilot Harriet Quimby took off from Dover in a borrowed Blériot monoplane and headed into thick fog, steering by compass alone. About an hour later she came down on a beach near Hardelot on the French coast. Her feat barely made the papers: the Titanic had sunk two days earlier. Quimby, the first licensed woman pilot in the United States, died in a flying accident near Boston that July.

Source: PBS NOVA: Queen of the Channel Crossing ↗
1917
Locomotive No. 293, kept at the Finland Station in St Petersburg, which carried Lenin on his secret journeys later in 1917.Locomotive No. 293, kept at the Finland Station in St Petersburg, which carried Lenin on his secret journeys later in 1917.Image: Unknown photographer · CC BY-SA 4.0
politics · Europe

Lenin returns to Petrograd from exile

Late on 16 April 1917 (3 April under the Russian calendar of the time), Vladimir Lenin stepped off a train at the Finland Station in Petrograd after years of exile in Switzerland. Germany had let him cross its territory, hoping he would unsettle its wartime enemy, and a large crowd was waiting for him. Within days he set out his April Theses, calling on the Bolsheviks to refuse support to the Provisional Government that had replaced the tsar. Seven months later his party seized power.

Source: Britannica: Vladimir Lenin - Leadership in the Russian Revolution ↗
1917
Gandhi among crowds in Champaran in 1917, with Sub-Inspector Qurban Ali.Gandhi among crowds in Champaran in 1917, with Sub-Inspector Qurban Ali.Image: Unknown · Public domain
politics · Asia

Gandhi refuses an order to leave Champaran

On 16 April 1917, while visiting indigo farmers in Champaran in Bihar, Mohandas Gandhi was stopped at the village of Chandrahia and handed an order to leave the district at once. He declined, saying he would accept the penalty instead. When he appeared in court at Motihari two days later with crowds of farmers outside, the case was dropped. The episode launched his first civil disobedience campaign in India.

Source: District of East Champaran, Government of Bihar: Gandhi Memorial Chandrahiah ↗
1947
The wrecked SS Wilson B. Keene at Texas City, three days after the explosions (University of Houston Libraries).The wrecked SS Wilson B. Keene at Texas City, three days after the explosions (University of Houston Libraries).Image: Unknown · Public domain
world · Americas

A ship explodes at Texas City

Early on 16 April 1947, fire broke out in the hold of the French cargo ship Grandcamp, loaded with ammonium nitrate fertiliser, at the docks of Texas City. The ship blew up shortly after nine in the morning, destroying the port and a nearby chemical plant, and a second ship exploded the next day. Several hundred people died. It remains one of the deadliest industrial accidents in American history and changed how dangerous cargoes are handled.

Source: Texas State Historical Association Handbook of Texas: Texas City Disaster ↗
1961
Fidel Castro speaking in Havana in 1961.Fidel Castro speaking in Havana in 1961.Image: Unknown · Public domain
politics · Americas

Castro calls Cuba’s revolution socialist

At a funeral rally in Havana on 16 April 1961, for people killed in air raids on Cuban airfields the day before, Fidel Castro declared for the first time that the Cuban revolution was socialist. The raids had been carried out by exiles backed by the United States. The next morning, a US-trained exile force landed at the Bay of Pigs and was defeated within days.

Source: Cuban Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Socialist Character of the Cuban Revolution ↗
1963
A recreation of King's Birmingham jail cell at the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis.A recreation of King’s Birmingham jail cell at the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis.Image: Adam Jones, Ph.D. · CC BY-SA 3.0
world · Americas

Martin Luther King writes his Letter from Birmingham Jail

Arrested for defying a court ban on protest marches in Birmingham, Alabama, Martin Luther King Jr answered a group of white clergymen who had called the demonstrations unwise and untimely. His reply, written in the margins of a newspaper and on scraps of paper, carries the date 16 April 1963. King argued that people have a moral duty to break unjust laws and that ‘wait’ had too often meant ‘never’. Printed and reprinted, the letter became one of the founding texts of the American civil rights movement.

Source: Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University: Letter from Birmingham Jail ↗
1990
culture · Global

Wembley welcomes a free Nelson Mandela

Two months after walking out of prison, Nelson Mandela appeared before 76,000 people at Wembley Stadium in London on 16 April 1990, at a concert broadcast to more than 60 countries. The line-up included Peter Gabriel, Neil Young, Tracy Chapman and Youssou N’Dour. The crowd applauded him for several minutes before he could speak. Mandela thanked the anti-apartheid movement abroad and asked the world to keep up the pressure on South Africa until it became a non-racial democracy.

Source: Anti-Apartheid Movement Archives: International Tribute for a Free South Africa concert programme, 1990 ↗
VI
2000 TO TODAY

Modern Day

The events of recent decades that have already become part of the historical record.

2003
The rebuilt Stoa of Attalos in Athens, where the Treaty of Accession was signed, seen from the Acropolis.The rebuilt Stoa of Attalos in Athens, where the Treaty of Accession was signed, seen from the Acropolis.Image: A.Savin · CC BY-SA 3.0
politics · Europe

Ten countries sign up to join the European Union

Beneath the Acropolis, in the rebuilt Stoa of Attalos in Athens, leaders signed the Treaty of Accession on 16 April 2003. It admitted ten countries at once: Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. They joined on 1 May 2004 in the largest single enlargement in the Union’s history, bringing in much of the former Soviet bloc.

Source: CVCE (University of Luxembourg): Treaty concerning the accession of ten new Member States, 16 April 2003 ↗
RESEARCH

Sources & Further Reading

Selected authoritative references supporting the events on this page.

De Imperatoribus Romanis (Loyola University Chicago): Otho↗Wikipedia: Otho↗Municipalidad de Salta: Historia↗Wikipedia: Salta↗National Army Museum: Battle of Culloden↗National Trust for Scotland: The Battle of Culloden↗National Rail Museum (Google Arts & Culture): A History of Indian Railways↗Wikipedia: Indian Railways↗PBS NOVA: Queen of the Channel Crossing↗Britannica: Harriet Quimby↗Britannica: Vladimir Lenin - Leadership in the Russian Revolution↗Smithsonian Magazine: Vladimir Lenin’s Return Journey to Russia Changed the World Forever↗District of East Champaran, Government of Bihar: Gandhi Memorial Chandrahiah↗Wikipedia: Champaran Satyagraha↗Texas State Historical Association Handbook of Texas: Texas City Disaster↗Britannica: Texas City explosion of 1947↗Cuban Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Socialist Character of the Cuban Revolution↗Havana Provincial Government: The declaration of the socialist character of the Cuban Revolution↗Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University: Letter from Birmingham Jail↗National Center for Civil and Human Rights: King’s Letter from Birmingham Jail↗Anti-Apartheid Movement Archives: International Tribute for a Free South Africa concert programme, 1990↗Wikipedia: Nelson Mandela: An International Tribute for a Free South Africa↗CVCE (University of Luxembourg): Treaty concerning the accession of ten new Member States, 16 April 2003↗Council of the European Union: Athens Declaration, 16 April 2003↗
WHY THESE MOMENTS?

Significance before volume

This page is not the longest possible list of events. It is a chronological journey through 16 April, where each entry is chosen for historical significance, human interest and reliability.

Facts are checked against authoritative museums, archives, universities and reference works. Where sources disagree, the page says so.

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