HISTORY & TIMELINE
26 March

A journey through
26 March in history

From the death of Beethoven in 1827 to Vladimir Putin’s first election in 2000, 26 March has seen a new scripture go on sale in upstate New York, the end of the battle for Iwo Jima, a satellite that mapped the radiation around the Earth and the fall of a dictator in Mali. This timeline follows the date across two centuries.

JUMP THROUGH TIME
IV
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

The 1800s

Industry, empire, invention, reform and a century of enormous transformation.

1827
Beethoven composing the Missa solemnis, painted by Joseph Karl Stieler in 1820.Beethoven composing the Missa solemnis, painted by Joseph Karl Stieler in 1820.Image: Joseph Karl Stieler · Public domain
culture · Europe

The death of Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven died in Vienna on 26 March 1827, aged 56, after months of illness. Deaf for the last years of his life, he had still written some of his greatest music, including the Ninth Symphony and his late string quartets. His funeral three days later drew a crowd estimated in the tens of thousands, and his music, bridging the classical and Romantic ages, remains among the most performed in the world.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: Ludwig van Beethoven ↗
1830
The E. B. Grandin Building in Palmyra, New York, where the Book of Mormon was first printed.The E. B. Grandin Building in Palmyra, New York, where the Book of Mormon was first printed.Image: JonRidinger; derivative work by Mangoman88 · CC BY 3.0
culture · Americas

The Book of Mormon goes on sale

The printer E. B. Grandin began selling copies of the Book of Mormon at his bookshop in Palmyra, New York, as a local newspaper announced that day. Martin Harris, a farmer who backed Joseph Smith, had pledged his land to pay for the print run of 5,000 copies. Days later, on 6 April, Smith founded the church that became the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Source: The Joseph Smith Papers: Book of Mormon available for purchase ↗
V
THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

The 1900s

War and peace, technological leaps, social change, politics, sport and popular culture.

1945
US Marines and a tank on Iwo Jima, 1945.US Marines and a tank on Iwo Jima, 1945.Image: United States Marine Corps · Public domain
world · Asia

The battle for Iwo Jima ends

After a final attack by Japanese survivors near the beaches before dawn, the 36-day battle for the small volcanic island of Iwo Jima came to an end. Nearly 7,000 US Marines and most of the island’s roughly 20,000 Japanese defenders had been killed. The island’s airfields were then used by American bombers and fighters.

Source: Marine Corps University: The Battle of Iwo Jima, Operation Detachment, 19 February-26 March 1945 ↗
1953
science · Americas

Jonas Salk announces his polio vaccine

On 26 March 1953 Jonas Salk of the University of Pittsburgh spoke on national radio in the United States to report that a vaccine against polio had been tested successfully on a small group of adults and children. The results were published in a medical journal two days later. Salk warned that the job was not yet done. After a vast field trial of 1954, the vaccine was declared safe and effective in April 1955, and polio cases in the US fell sharply.

Source: Salk Institute: 26 March 1953, Dr Jonas Salk announces he successfully tested a vaccine against the virus that causes polio ↗
1958
The Juno I rocket carrying Explorer 3, 1958.The Juno I rocket carrying Explorer 3, 1958.Image: U.S. Army · Public domain
science · Americas

Explorer 3 maps the radiation belts

On 26 March 1958 the US Army launched Explorer 3 from Cape Canaveral, only the third American satellite. It carried a tiny tape recorder, so it could store radiation readings from its whole orbit and replay them over a ground station. Together with Explorer 1, it confirmed the inner of the two Van Allen belts, zones of charged particles trapped by the Earth’s magnetic field. The satellite fell back to Earth that June.

Source: NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive: Explorer 3 ↗
1971
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the founding leader of Bangladesh.Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the founding leader of Bangladesh.Image: Press Information Department · Public domain
politics · Asia

Bangladesh declares its independence

On the night of 25 March 1971 the Pakistani army launched a crackdown in East Pakistan, attacking students, political leaders and Bengali police and soldiers in Dhaka. In the first minutes of 26 March, just before he was arrested, the Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman sent out a message proclaiming the independence of Bangladesh. Nine months of war followed, in which huge numbers were killed and about ten million refugees fled to India. It ended with Pakistan’s surrender on 16 December 1971. Bangladesh celebrates 26 March as Independence Day.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: Bangladesh Liberation War ↗
1979
Anwar Sadat, Jimmy Carter and Menachem Begin shake hands at the signing on the White House lawn, 26 March 1979.Anwar Sadat, Jimmy Carter and Menachem Begin shake hands at the signing on the White House lawn, 26 March 1979.Image: Yaakov Saar · CC BY-SA 3.0
politics · Middle East

Egypt and Israel make peace

On 26 March 1979 President Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel signed a peace treaty on the lawn of the White House, with President Jimmy Carter as witness. It turned the Camp David Accords of the previous September into a binding agreement. It ended the state of war between the two countries that had lasted since 1948, and Israel agreed to hand back the Sinai peninsula, which it had held since 1967. It was the first peace treaty between Israel and an Arab state, and it has held ever since.

Source: US Department of State, Office of the Historian: Camp David Accords and the Arab-Israeli peace process ↗
1991
Heads of state at a Mercosur summit in Santa Fe, Argentina, July 2019.Heads of state at a Mercosur summit in Santa Fe, Argentina, July 2019.Image: Alan Santos/PR · CC BY 2.0
world · Americas

Four nations create Mercosur

On 26 March 1991 the presidents of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay signed the Treaty of Asunción, creating the Southern Common Market, Mercosur. It aimed at the free movement of goods, services and capital between the four countries. Tariffs between them were cut step by step, and from 1995 the bloc had a common external tariff. Mercosur has since become South America’s largest trading bloc.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: Treaty of Asunción ↗
1991
Amadou Toumani Touré, later president of Mali, in the 2000s.Amadou Toumani Touré, later president of Mali, in the 2000s.Image: Antonio Cruz / Agência Brasil · CC BY 2.5
politics · Africa

Moussa Traoré is overthrown in Mali

After days of pro-democracy protests in Bamako in which many demonstrators were killed, soldiers led by Lieutenant Colonel Amadou Toumani Touré arrested President Moussa Traoré, who had ruled since 1968. Touré handed power to an elected civilian government in 1992, earning the nickname ‘soldier of democracy’; he was himself elected president in 2002.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: Amadou Toumani Touré ↗
VI
2000 TO TODAY

Modern Day

The events of recent decades that have already become part of the historical record.

2000
politics · Europe

Vladimir Putin is elected president of Russia

Three months after Boris Yeltsin resigned and made him acting president, Vladimir Putin won Russia’s presidential election in the first round with almost 53 per cent of the vote. He has dominated Russian politics ever since, as president or prime minister.

Source: Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty: Putin officially wins Russian presidential election ↗
WHY THESE MOMENTS?

Significance before volume

This page is not the longest possible list of events. It is a chronological journey through 26 March, where each entry is chosen for historical significance, human interest and reliability.

Facts are checked against authoritative museums, archives, universities and reference works. Where sources disagree, the page says so.

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