1699
A copy of the Treaty of Karlowitz, on display in the Doge’s Palace in Venice.Image: O.Mustafin · CC0politics · Europe
The Ottoman Empire signs away Hungary at Karlowitz
In 1683 an Ottoman army besieged Vienna and was driven off. Austria, Poland, Venice and later Russia joined in a Holy League and spent the next sixteen years pushing the Ottomans back down the Danube, winning a crushing victory at Zenta in 1697. Peace was signed at Karlowitz, in what is now Serbia, on 26 January 1699, with Britain and the Dutch Republic acting as mediators. The sultan gave up almost all of Hungary and Transylvania to Austria, Podolia to Poland and much of Dalmatia and the Morea to Venice. It was the first time the Ottomans had accepted defeat at a peace conference with a coalition of Christian powers, and it made Habsburg Austria the leading power in central Europe.
Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: Treaty of Carlowitz ↗
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Václav Havel, photographed in later life.Image: 
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