HISTORY & TIMELINE
29 August

A journey through
29 August in history

The story of 29 August runs from the meeting of Edward IV and Louis XI on a bridge over the Somme in 1475 to the splashdown of Gemini V in 1965 and the Beatles’ last paid concert in 1966. In between come the Ottoman victory at Mohács, Frederick the Great’s march into Saxony, the treaty in which Portugal recognised an independent Brazil, Michael Faraday’s discovery of electromagnetic induction, the Treaty of Nanking, the end of Japan’s feudal domains, Gottlieb Daimler’s patent for a motorcycle, the founding of rugby league in Huddersfield, the arrival of Ishi in Oroville, the Slovak National Uprising, the first Soviet atomic test and the first performance of John Cage’s silent 4’33”.

JUMP THROUGH TIME
II
THE MIDDLE AGES

Medieval History

Kingdoms, conflict, faith, power and the changing medieval world.

1475
Louis XI and Edward IV meet on the bridge at Picquigny, talking through a wooden grille, in an illustration by Job from an early 20th-century French history bookLouis XI and Edward IV meet on the bridge at Picquigny, talking through a wooden grille, in an illustration by Job from an early 20th-century French history bookImage: Jacques Marie Gaston Onfroy de Bréville · Public domain
world · Europe

Two kings meet on a bridge at Picquigny

In the summer of 1475 Edward IV of England landed at Calais with one of the largest English armies ever sent to France, planning to renew the Hundred Years’ War with his ally the Duke of Burgundy. But the Burgundian help never arrived in strength, and King Louis XI of France, who preferred buying peace to fighting for it, offered terms. The two armies faced each other across the Somme. On 29 August 1475 the two kings met at Picquigny, near Amiens, on a bridge built over the river for the occasion, with a wooden grille between them in case of treachery. They agreed a seven-year truce. Edward went home with 75,000 crowns and the promise of a pension of 50,000 a year, and his daughter was promised to the French heir. No final peace was ever signed, but the meeting at Picquigny is often taken as the real end of the Hundred Years’ War.

Source: Britannica: How did the Hundred Years’ War end? ↗
III
A CHANGING WORLD

Early Modern Era

Exploration, political change, scientific development and expanding global connections.

1526
A 16th-century Ottoman miniature of the Battle of Mohács, now displayed at Szigetvár Castle in HungaryA 16th-century Ottoman miniature of the Battle of Mohács, now displayed at Szigetvár Castle in HungaryImage: Unknown · Public domain
world · Europe

Süleyman the Magnificent crushes the Hungarian army at Mohács

Five years after taking Belgrade, the Ottoman sultan Süleyman the Magnificent marched north again in 1526 with a large army and some 300 cannon. Hungary was ill prepared to meet him: its king, Louis II, was only twenty, its nobles were quarrelling, and help from the rest of Christian Europe never came. Louis gathered what troops he could and chose to fight on the open plain near Mohács, beside the Danube. On 29 August 1526 the Hungarian knights charged, but they were cut down by Ottoman artillery and the musket fire of the Janissaries, and within a few hours the army was destroyed. Louis was killed as he fled, falling from his horse or drowning in a swollen stream. His death ended the Jagiellonian line in Hungary and Bohemia, whose crowns passed to the Habsburgs. Hungary was split for a century and a half between Habsburg and Ottoman rule, with Transylvania in between.

Source: Britannica: Battle of Mohács (1526) ↗
1756
A map of the Prussian blockade of the Saxon army in its camp at Pirna in 1756, engraved in 1759A map of the Prussian blockade of the Saxon army in its camp at Pirna in 1756, engraved in 1759Image: Georg Christoph Kilian (engraver), 1759 · Public domain
world · Europe

Frederick the Great marches into Saxony and starts the Seven Years’ War

Learning that Austria, Russia and France were drawing together against him, Frederick II of Prussia decided to strike first. On 29 August 1756 he crossed the Saxon border with about 70,000 men, without declaring war, and entered Dresden on 10 September. The small Saxon army was trapped in its camp at Pirna and surrendered in October. The invasion turned a colonial quarrel between Britain and France into the Seven Years’ War, fought in Europe, North America and India until 1763.

Source: Britannica: Seven Years’ War, the course of the war ↗
IV
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

The 1800s

Industry, empire, invention, reform and a century of enormous transformation.

1825
The title page of a printed edition of the treaty of 29 August 1825 between the Emperor of Brazil and the King of Portugal, published in LondonThe title page of a printed edition of the treaty of 29 August 1825 between the Emperor of Brazil and the King of Portugal, published in LondonImage: Império do Brasil e o Reino de Portugal · Public domain
world · Americas

Portugal recognises Brazil’s independence

When Napoleon invaded Portugal in 1807 the Portuguese royal family fled to Rio de Janeiro, and for thirteen years Brazil was the heart of the empire. After King João VI went home to Lisbon in 1821, the Portuguese parliament tried to put Brazil back in its old colonial place. His son and heir Pedro, left behind as regent, refused, and in September 1822 he declared Brazil independent and was soon crowned its emperor. Portugal would not accept the loss, and fighting followed in several provinces. Britain, which traded heavily with both countries, brokered a settlement, and its envoy Sir Charles Stuart went to Rio to negotiate on Portugal’s behalf. On 29 August 1825 the Treaty of Peace and Alliance was signed there: Portugal recognised Brazil as an independent empire with Pedro I as its sovereign, while João VI kept the honorary title of emperor. In a separate agreement Brazil took on a payment of two million pounds to Portugal, money largely borrowed in London.

Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Brazil, Concórdia treaty database: Treaty of Peace and Alliance between Brazil and Portugal, 1825 ↗
1831
A drawing of Faraday's induction ring, two coils of wire wound on opposite sides of an iron ring, published in 1896A drawing of Faraday’s induction ring, two coils of wire wound on opposite sides of an iron ring, published in 1896Image: Unknown · Public domain
science · Europe

Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction

In 1820 the Danish scientist Hans Christian Ørsted showed that an electric current produces magnetism. Many people then wondered whether magnetism could produce electricity, and at the Royal Institution in London Michael Faraday, the son of a blacksmith who had started his career as a laboratory assistant, returned to the question again and again. In the summer of 1831 he had an iron ring made and wound two separate coils of copper wire around opposite sides of it. On 29 August 1831, as his laboratory notebook records, he connected one coil to a battery and the other to a wire laid over a compass needle. Each time he made or broke the battery connection, the needle jumped: a current had been induced in the second coil, though the two were not connected. Faraday had discovered electromagnetic induction, and his ring was the first transformer. Within weeks he had also made electricity by moving a magnet, the principle behind every generator in today’s power stations.

Source: Royal Institution: Michael Faraday’s ring-coil apparatus ↗
1842
HMS Cornwallis and the British squadron under the walls of Nanjing, saluting the peace treaty, in a painting by Rundle Burges WatsonHMS Cornwallis and the British squadron under the walls of Nanjing, saluting the peace treaty, in a painting by Rundle Burges WatsonImage: Rundle Burges Watson · Public domain
politics · Asia

The Treaty of Nanking ends the First Opium War

In the 1830s British merchants were smuggling ever larger amounts of Indian opium into China, paid for in silver. When the imperial commissioner Lin Zexu seized and destroyed their stocks at Canton in 1839, Britain sent warships. Steam gunboats and modern guns overwhelmed the Qing forces along the coast, and in the summer of 1842 a British fleet sailed up the Yangtze, cut the Grand Canal that fed Beijing and anchored before the walls of Nanjing. With the old southern capital at its mercy, the Qing court gave way. On 29 August 1842, aboard the British flagship HMS Cornwallis, the British envoy Sir Henry Pottinger and the imperial commissioners Qiying and Yilibu signed the Treaty of Nanking. China ceded Hong Kong Island to Britain, opened five ports to British trade and residence, ended the Canton merchants’ monopoly and agreed to pay a heavy indemnity. It was the first of the ‘unequal treaties’ that Chinese historians count as the start of a century of humiliation.

Source: USC US-China Institute: Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking), 1842 ↗
1871
A map of Japan's new prefectures as they stood in 1872, from a historical atlas published in 1935A map of Japan’s new prefectures as they stood in 1872, from a historical atlas published in 1935Image: Yoshida Togo et al. · Public domain
politics · Asia

Japan abolishes its feudal domains and creates prefectures

Three years after the Meiji Restoration, Japan was still divided into more than 270 domains, or han, each with its own lord, army and taxes. On 29 August 1871 the leaders of the powerful domains were summoned to the imperial palace and told, by an imperial rescript, that every domain was abolished and replaced by a prefecture run by governors appointed from Tokyo. The lords were pensioned off. The reform gave the new government control of the whole country’s taxes and armed forces.

Source: Nippon.com: Prefectures, power and centralisation, Japan’s abolition of the feudal domains ↗
1885
A coloured drawing of Daimler's Reitwagen from his 1885 German patent 36423A coloured drawing of Daimler’s Reitwagen from his 1885 German patent 36423Image: Gottlieb Daimler · Public domain
world · Europe

Gottlieb Daimler patents the first motorcycle

In 1885 Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach built a small, fast-running petrol engine in a garden workshop in Cannstatt, near Stuttgart, and needed a vehicle to test it in. They fitted it to a wooden frame with two wheels and small side wheels for balance, and on 29 August 1885 Daimler was granted German patent number 36423 for his ‘riding car’. The Reitwagen could reach about 12 km/h and is regarded as the first motorcycle with an internal combustion engine.

Source: Mercedes-Benz Group: Gottlieb Daimler ↗
1895
A plaque in Leeds put up for rugby league's 120th anniversary, marking where Leeds played their first home game under the new Northern Union rules in September 1895A plaque in Leeds put up for rugby league’s 120th anniversary, marking where Leeds played their first home game under the new Northern Union rules in September 1895Image: Keith Seabridge · CC BY-SA 2.0
sport · Europe

Northern clubs break away to found rugby league

By the 1890s rugby was hugely popular in the industrial towns of Yorkshire and Lancashire, where many players were mill hands and miners who lost a day’s pay whenever they travelled to a Saturday match. The northern clubs wanted to compensate them for this ‘broken time’, but the Rugby Football Union, run largely by southern gentlemen who held to strict amateurism, refused. On 29 August 1895 representatives of 22 clubs met at the George Hotel in Huddersfield, and all but one voted to leave the Rugby Football Union and form a Northern Rugby Football Union that would allow broken-time payments. Within a few years the new body went fully professional and changed its rules, cutting teams from 15 to 13 players. In 1922 it took the name Rugby Football League, and the game it created is now played from England to Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific islands.

Source: Rugby Football League: One night in Huddersfield, how rugby league was born ↗
V
THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

The 1900s

War and peace, technological leaps, social change, politics, sport and popular culture.

1911
Ishi, the last known member of the Yahi, with the anthropologist Alfred Kroeber in 1911Ishi, the last known member of the Yahi, with the anthropologist Alfred Kroeber in 1911Image: Unknown · Public domain
world · Americas

Ishi, the last of the Yahi, walks into Oroville

The Yahi people of the foothills of Mount Lassen in northern California were almost wiped out by settlers’ killings in the 1860s, and the few survivors hid in the canyons for decades. On 29 August 1911 the last of them, a starving man later known as Ishi, was found at a slaughterhouse near Oroville and held in the town jail. The anthropologists Alfred Kroeber and Thomas Waterman took him to the University of California’s museum in San Francisco, where he lived and shared his language and skills until his death in 1916.

Source: Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology, UC Berkeley: Ishi ↗
1944
The Slovak National Uprising memorial and museum in Banská Bystrica, the uprising's capitalThe Slovak National Uprising memorial and museum in Banská Bystrica, the uprising’s capitalImage: Eryn Blaire · CC BY-SA 3.0
world · Europe

The Slovak National Uprising begins

Slovakia had been a German satellite state since 1939, but by 1944 resistance groups and officers of its own army were preparing a revolt. When German troops began to occupy the country, the rising was launched on 29 August 1944 from Banská Bystrica, which became its capital. Tens of thousands of soldiers and partisans held much of central Slovakia for two months before German forces crushed the uprising in late October. The anniversary is a national holiday in Slovakia.

Source: Britannica: Banská Bystrica ↗
1949
A full-size mock-up of RDS-1, the first Soviet atomic bomb, at the Polytechnical Museum in Moscow, photographed in 2025A full-size mock-up of RDS-1, the first Soviet atomic bomb, at the Polytechnical Museum in Moscow, photographed in 2025Image: Aleksandr Sigachyov · CC0
science · Asia

The Soviet Union tests its first atomic bomb

After the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, Stalin ordered his scientists to build a bomb of their own as fast as possible. The physicist Igor Kurchatov led the work, with the secret police chief Lavrentiy Beria in overall charge, and the project was helped by detailed information passed on by spies inside the American Manhattan Project. The design, a plutonium bomb, closely followed the American ‘Fat Man’. On 29 August 1949 the device, known as RDS-1, was exploded on a tower on the steppe of the Semipalatinsk test site in Soviet Kazakhstan, with a yield of about 22 kilotons. American aircraft picked up radioactive traces, and on 23 September President Truman told the world that the US monopoly had ended years sooner than expected. The nuclear arms race had begun. The Soviet Union carried out 456 nuclear tests at Semipalatinsk, with lasting harm to the people who lived nearby.

Source: CTBTO: 29 August 1949, first Soviet nuclear test ↗
1952
The cover of the Edition Peters score of John Cage's 4'33"The cover of the Edition Peters score of John Cage’s 4’33”Image: John Cage · Public domain
culture · Americas

A pianist plays nothing: John Cage’s 4’33” is first performed

The American composer John Cage had long been drawn to the idea of a piece made of silence. A visit to a soundproof room at Harvard, where he still heard the sounds of his own body, convinced him that true silence did not exist, and the white paintings of his friend Robert Rauschenberg gave him the courage to try. The result was a work in three movements in which the performer plays no notes at all. On 29 August 1952 the pianist David Tudor gave the first performance at the Maverick Concert Hall, a timber hall in the woods near Woodstock, New York, at a benefit recital of new music. He sat at the piano, closed the lid, opened it between movements and turned the pages of the score while watching a stopwatch. The audience heard the wind in the trees, then rain on the roof, then their own murmurs, and some walked out. Cage later said that it was his most important work.

Source: Museum of Modern Art: John Cage, 4’33” (In Proportional Notation) ↗
1965
Gordon Cooper is hoisted up to a Navy helicopter from the Atlantic after the Gemini V splashdown on 29 August 1965Gordon Cooper is hoisted up to a Navy helicopter from the Atlantic after the Gemini V splashdown on 29 August 1965Image: NASA · Public domain
world · Americas

Gemini V returns after eight days in space

To reach the Moon, NASA had to show that astronauts could live and work in space for at least as long as a lunar voyage would take. Gordon Cooper and Pete Conrad were launched aboard Gemini V on 21 August 1965 and, despite trouble with the spacecraft’s fuel cells, stayed in orbit for almost eight days, a new record. They splashed down in the western Atlantic on 29 August 1965 and were picked up by the aircraft carrier USS Lake Champlain.

Source: NASA: Gemini V ↗
1966
A baseball game at Candlestick Park, San Francisco, in 1965, the year before the Beatles' last concert thereA baseball game at Candlestick Park, San Francisco, in 1965, the year before the Beatles’ last concert thereImage: Dave Glass · CC BY 2.0
world · Americas

The Beatles play their last paid concert, at Candlestick Park

By 1966 the Beatles were tired of touring: screaming crowds drowned out their music, and their new songs were growing too complex to play live. On 29 August 1966 they played a short set at Candlestick Park, the baseball stadium in San Francisco, to a crowd of about 25,000, with the band on a stage inside a fenced enclosure on the field. It was the last concert they ever played for a paying audience. Their only later public performance was on a London rooftop in January 1969.

Source: Britannica: When did the Beatles play their final concert? ↗
RESEARCH

Sources & Further Reading

Selected authoritative references supporting the events on this page.

Britannica: How did the Hundred Years’ War end?↗Britannica: Edward IV↗Britannica: Battle of Mohács (1526)↗Britannica: Louis II, king of Hungary and Bohemia↗Britannica: Seven Years’ War, the course of the war↗Britannica: Frederick II, king of Prussia↗Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Brazil, Concórdia treaty database: Treaty of Peace and Alliance between Brazil and Portugal, 1825↗Arquivo Nacional (Brazil): Recognition of Brazil’s independence by Portugal↗Royal Institution: Michael Faraday’s ring-coil apparatus↗American Physical Society: September 4, 1821 and August 29, 1831, Faraday and electromagnetism↗Britannica: Induction ring↗USC US-China Institute: Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking), 1842↗MIT Visualizing Cultures: The Opium War, the Treaty of Nanking↗Britannica: Treaty of Nanjing↗Nippon.com: Prefectures, power and centralisation, Japan’s abolition of the feudal domains↗Columbia University, Asia for Educators: The Meiji Restoration and modernisation↗Mercedes-Benz Group: Gottlieb Daimler↗German Patent and Trade Mark Office: Milestones, Wilhelm Maybach↗Rugby Football League: One night in Huddersfield, how rugby league was born↗Britannica: Rugby Football League↗Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology, UC Berkeley: Ishi↗California Office of Historic Preservation: Discovery site of the last Yahi Indian↗Britannica: Banská Bystrica↗Nation’s Memory Institute (Slovakia): Slovak National Uprising↗CTBTO: 29 August 1949, first Soviet nuclear test↗Nuclear Threat Initiative: Semipalatinsk Test Site↗Museum of Modern Art: John Cage, 4’33” (In Proportional Notation)↗Maverick Concerts: Nothing, John Cage and 4’33”↗NASA: Gemini V↗NASA: 55 years ago, Gemini 5 sets a new record↗Britannica: When did the Beatles play their final concert?↗San Francisco State University, Bay Area Television Archive: The Beatles play Candlestick Park (August 29th 1966)↗
WHY THESE MOMENTS?

Significance before volume

This page is not the longest possible list of events. It is a chronological journey through 29 August, where each entry is chosen for historical significance, human interest and reliability.

Facts are checked against authoritative museums, archives, universities and reference works. Where sources disagree, the page says so.

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